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Large Language Models (LLMs) have revolutionized both general natural language processing and domain-specific applications such as code synthesis, legal reasoning, and finance. However, while prior studies have explored individual model…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Gunjan Das , Paheli Bhattacharya , Rishabh Gupta

Prior research has demonstrated that language models can, to a limited extent, represent moral norms in a variety of cultural contexts. This research aims to replicate these findings and further explore their validity, concentrating on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Evi Papadopoulou , Hadi Mohammadi , Ayoub Bagheri

The deployment of large language models (LLMs) raises concerns regarding their cultural misalignment and potential ramifications on individuals and societies with diverse cultural backgrounds. While the discourse has focused mainly on…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-05-09 Reem I. Masoud , Ziquan Liu , Martin Ferianc , Philip Treleaven , Miguel Rodrigues

This paper discusses and contains offensive content. Language models (LMs) are used in decision-making systems and as interactive assistants. However, how well do these models making judgements align with the diversity of human values,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Michael Galarnyk , Agam Shah , Dipanwita Guhathakurta , Poojitha Nandigam , Sudheer Chava

Despite recent advancements showcasing the impressive capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) in conversational systems, we show that even state-of-the-art LLMs are morally inconsistent in their generations, questioning their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Vamshi Krishna Bonagiri , Sreeram Vennam , Priyanshul Govil , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru , Manas Gaur

In this position paper, we argue that instead of morally aligning LLMs to specific set of ethical principles, we should infuse generic ethical reasoning capabilities into them so that they can handle value pluralism at a global scale. When…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-12 Abhinav Rao , Aditi Khandelwal , Kumar Tanmay , Utkarsh Agarwal , Monojit Choudhury

Detecting hateful content is a challenging and important problem. Automated tools, like machine-learning models, can help, but they require continuous training to adapt to the ever-changing landscape of social media. In this work, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Jay Patel , Hrudayangam Mehta , Jeremy Blackburn

Existing behavioral alignment techniques for Large Language Models (LLMs) often neglect the discrepancy between surface compliance and internal unaligned representations, leaving LLMs vulnerable to long-tail risks. More crucially, we posit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Lingyu Li , Yan Teng , Yingchun Wang

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly operate in social contexts, motivating analysis of how they express and shift moral judgments. In this work, we investigate the moral response of LLMs to persona role-play, prompting a LLM to assume…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Davi Bastos Costa , Felippe Alves , Renato Vicente

The advanced reasoning capabilities of Large Reasoning Models enable them to thoroughly understand and apply safety policies through deliberate thought processes, thereby improving the models' safety. Beyond safety, these models must also…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Yuhang Wang , Yanxu Zhu , Jitao Sang

Despite the increasing usage of Large Language Models (LLMs) in answering questions in a variety of domains, their reliability and accuracy remain unexamined for a plethora of domains including the religious domains. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Farah Atif , Nursultan Askarbekuly , Kareem Darwish , Monojit Choudhury

We present an ethical decision-making framework that refines a pre-trained reinforcement learning (RL) model using a task-agnostic ethical layer. Following initial training, the RL model undergoes ethical fine-tuning, where human feedback…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Rohit K. Dubey , Damian Dailisan , Sachit Mahajan

This paper explores the integration of human-like emotions and ethical considerations into Large Language Models (LLMs). We first model eight fundamental human emotions, presented as opposing pairs, and employ collaborative LLMs to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Edward Y. Chang

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into healthcare to address complex inquiries, ensuring their reliability remains a critical challenge. Recent studies have highlighted that generic LLMs often struggle in clinical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Bian Sun , Zhenjian Wang , Orvill de la Torre , Zirui Wang

Humanitarian organizations face a critical choice: invest in costly commercial APIs or rely on free open-weight models for multilingual human rights monitoring. While commercial systems offer reliability, open-weight alternatives lack…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Poli Nemkova , Amrit Adhikari , Matthew Pearson , Vamsi Krishna Sadu , Mark V. Albert

Large Language Models (LLMs) promise to streamline software code reviews, but their ability to produce consistent assessments remains an open question. In this study, we tested four leading LLMs -- GPT-4o mini, GPT-4o, Claude 3.5 Sonnet,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Eugene Klishevich , Yegor Denisov-Blanch , Simon Obstbaum , Igor Ciobanu , Michal Kosinski

Large Language Model safety alignment predominantly operates on a binary assumption that requests are either safe or unsafe. This classification proves insufficient when models encounter ethical dilemmas, where the capacity to reason…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Shei Pern Chua , Zhen Leng Thai , Kai Jun Teh , Xiao Li , Qibing Ren , Xiaolin Hu

The recent rise in popularity of large language models (LLMs) has prompted considerable concerns about their moral capabilities. Although considerable effort has been dedicated to aligning LLMs with human moral values, existing benchmarks…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Alessio Galatolo , Luca Alberto Rappuoli , Katie Winkle , Meriem Beloucif

Large language models (LLMs), such as GPT series and Llama series have demonstrated strong capabilities in natural language processing, contextual understanding, and text generation. In recent years, researchers are trying to enhance the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Ziyang Chen , Stylios Moscholios

This work provides an explanatory view of how LLMs can apply moral reasoning to both criticize and defend sexist language. We assessed eight large language models, all of which demonstrated the capability to provide explanations grounded in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Rongchen Guo , Isar Nejadgholi , Hillary Dawkins , Kathleen C. Fraser , Svetlana Kiritchenko