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Cluster-randomized experiments are widely used due to their logistical convenience and policy relevance. To analyze them properly, we must address the fact that the treatment is assigned at the cluster level instead of the individual level.…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-06 Fangzhou Su , Peng Ding

Clinical trials offer a fundamental opportunity to discover new treatments and advance the medical knowledge. However, the uncertainty of the outcome of a trial can lead to unforeseen costs and setbacks. In this study, we propose a new…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-04 Georgios Katsimpras , Georgios Paliouras

It is increasingly common to augment randomized controlled trial with external controls from observational data, to evaluate the treatment effect of an intervention. Traditional approaches to treatment effect estimation involve ambiguous…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-28 Bo Liu , Laine Thomas , Rury R. Holman , Fan Li

We propose a generalized win fraction regression framework for prioritized composite survival outcomes. The framework models the conditional win fraction through a chosen link function (including identity, logit, or probit), thereby…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-08 Zhiqiang Cao , Xi Fang , Fan Li

Comparing the differences in outcomes (that is, in "dependent variables") between two subpopulations is often most informative when comparing outcomes only for individuals from the subpopulations who are similar according to "independent…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-12-20 Mark Tygert

A key aspect of the design of evolutionary and swarm intelligence algorithms is studying their performance. Statistical comparisons are also a crucial part which allows for reliable conclusions to be drawn. In the present paper we gather…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-02-26 J. Carrasco , S. García , M. M. Rueda , S. Das , F. Herrera

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been the cornerstone of clinical evidence; however, their cost, duration, and restrictive eligibility criteria limit power and external validity. Studies using real-world data (RWD), historically…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-26 Shu Yang , Margaret Gamalo , Haoda Fu

We consider a potential outcomes model in which interference may be present between any two units but the extent of interference diminishes with spatial distance. The causal estimand is the global average treatment effect, which compares…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-09-16 Michael P. Leung

Sample size determination for cluster randomised trials (CRTs) is challenging as it requires robust estimation of the intra-cluster correlation coefficient (ICC). Typically, the sample size is chosen to provide a certain level of power to…

Applications · Statistics 2023-08-23 S. Faye Williamson , Svetlana V. Tishkovskaya , Kevin J. Wilson

Decision-makers often deploy the best-performing treatment from a randomized experiment, creating a winner's curse: selection favors treatments whose observed outcomes are high partly because of statistical noise, so the na\"ive estimate of…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-05-20 Ron Berman , Walter W. Zhang , Hangcheng Zhao

Historically, the majority of statistical association methods have been designed assuming availability of SNP-level information. However, modern genetic and sequencing data present new challenges to access and sharing of genotype-phenotype…

Genomics · Quantitative Biology 2020-07-01 Olga A Vsevolozhskaya , Min Shi , Fengjiao Hu , Dmitri V Zaykin

In stepped wedge cluster randomized trials (SW-CRTs), observations collected under the control condition are, on average, from an earlier time than observations collected under the intervention condition. In a cohort design, participants…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-02-23 Jale Basten , Katja Ickstadt , Nina Timmesfeld

In this paper we explore different regression models based on Clusterwise Linear Regression (CLR). CLR aims to find the partition of the data into $k$ clusters, such that linear regressions fitted to each of the clusters minimize overall…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-01 Igor Gitman , Jieshi Chen , Eric Lei , Artur Dubrawski

There is growing interest in a hybrid control design in which a randomized controlled trial is augmented with an external control arm from a previous trial or real world data. Existing methods for analyzing hybrid control studies include…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-01-30 Zhiwei Zhang , Jialuo Liu , Wei Liu

I introduce a generic method for inference about a scalar parameter in research designs with a finite number of heterogeneous clusters where only a single cluster received treatment. This situation is commonplace in…

Econometrics · Economics 2020-10-09 Andreas Hagemann

Randomized Controlled Trials (RCT) are the current gold standards to empirically measure the effect of a new drug. However, they may be of limited size and resorting to complementary non-randomized data, referred to as observational, is…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-06-11 Ahmed Boughdiri , Julie Josse , Erwan Scornet

Causal inference analyses often use existing observational data, which in many cases has some clustering of individuals. In this paper we discuss propensity score weighting methods in a multilevel setting where within clusters individuals…

Applications · Statistics 2020-12-24 Youjin Lee , Trang Q. Nguyen , Elizabeth A. Stuart

Mapping of spatial hotspots, i.e., regions with significantly higher rates of generating cases of certain events (e.g., disease or crime cases), is an important task in diverse societal domains, including public health, public safety,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-10-12 Yiqun Xie , Shashi Shekhar , Yan Li

To improve confounder adjustments, observational studies are often matched on potential confounders. While matched case-control studies are common and well covered in the literature, our focus here is on matched cohort studies, which are…

Generalized Chinese Remainder Theorem (CRT) is a well-known approach to solve ambiguity resolution related problems. In this paper, we study the robust CRT reconstruction for multiple numbers from a view of statistics. To the best of our…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2019-09-04 Hanshen Xiao , Nan Du , Zhikang T. Wang , Guoqiang Xiao