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Inspired by the success of reinforcement learning (RL) in Large Language Model (LLM) training for domains like math and code, recent works have begun exploring how to train LLMs to use search engines more effectively as tools for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Zhichao Xu , Zongyu Wu , Yun Zhou , Aosong Feng , Kang Zhou , Sangmin Woo , Kiran Ramnath , Yijun Tian , Xuan Qi , Weikang Qiu , Lin Lee Cheong , Haibo Ding

Reasoning in large language models has long been a central research focus, and recent studies employing reinforcement learning (RL) have introduced diverse methods that yield substantial performance gains with minimal or even no external…

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards~(RLVR) has become a prominent paradigm to enhance the capabilities (i.e.\ long-context) of Large Language Models~(LLMs). However, it often relies on gold-standard answers or explicit evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yao Xiao , Lei Wang , Yue Deng , Guanzheng Chen , Ziqi Jin , Jung-jae Kim , Xiaoli Li , Roy Ka-wei Lee , Lidong Bing

Most reinforcement learning (RL) methods for training large language models (LLMs) require ground-truth labels or task-specific verifiers, limiting scalability when correctness is ambiguous or expensive to obtain. We introduce Reinforcement…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Micah Rentschler , Jesse Roberts

Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) has become a key method for aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences through the use of reward models. However, traditional reward models typically generate point…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Nicolai Dorka

We introduce Reinforcement Learning (RL) with Adaptive Verifiable Environments (RLVE), an approach using verifiable environments that procedurally generate problems and provide algorithmically verifiable rewards, to scale up RL for language…

Reinforcement learning (RL) with rule-based reward functions has recently shown great promise in enhancing the reasoning depth and generalization ability of vision-language models (VLMs), while maintaining computational efficiency. In spite…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Yizhou Liu , Dingkang Yang , Zizhi Chen , Minghao Han , Xukun Zhang , Keliang Liu , Jingwei Wei , Lihua Zhang

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Reward (RLVR) has proven effective in improving Large Language Model's (LLM) reasoning ability. However, the learning dynamics of RLVR remain underexplored. In this paper, we reveal a counterintuitive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yulin Chen , He He , Chen Zhao

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has demonstrated promising gains in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models. However, its dependence on domain-specific verifiers significantly restricts its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Chongxuan Huang , Lei Lin , Xiaodong Shi , Wenping Hu , Ruiming Tang

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards~(RLVR) has emerged as a powerful learn-to-reason paradigm for large reasoning models to tackle complex tasks. However, the current RLVR paradigm is still not efficient enough, as it works in a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Junjie Zhang , Guozheng Ma , Shunyu Liu , Haoyu Wang , Jiaxing Huang , Ting-En Lin , Fei Huang , Yongbin Li , Dacheng Tao

Reinforcement learning from verifiable rewards (RLVR) stimulates the thinking processes of large language models (LLMs), substantially enhancing their reasoning abilities on verifiable tasks. It is often assumed that similar gains should…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Kaiyuan Li , Jing-Cheng Pang , Yang Yu

As large language models (LLMs) are deployed in consequential settings such as medical question answering and legal reasoning, the ability to estimate when their outputs are likely to be correct is essential for safe and reliable use,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Fengfei Yu , Ruijia Niu , Dongxia Wu , Yian Ma , Rose Yu

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance in reasoning tasks, where reinforcement learning (RL) serves as a key algorithm for enhancing their reasoning capabilities. Currently, there are two mainstream reward…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Haitao Hong , Yuchen Yan , Xingyu Wu , Guiyang Hou , Wenqi Zhang , Weiming Lu , Yongliang Shen , Jun Xiao

Large language models (LLMs) trained via KL-regularized reinforcement learning demonstrate strong instruction following, self-correction, and reasoning abilities. Yet their theoretical underpinnings remain limited. We exploit the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Zhiquan Tan , Yinrong Hong

Medical Question-Answering (QA) encompasses a broad spectrum of tasks, including multiple choice questions (MCQ), open-ended text generation, and complex computational reasoning. Despite this variety, a unified framework for delivering…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Xiaotian Zhang , Yuan Wang , Zhaopeng Feng , Ruizhe Chen , Zhijie Zhou , Yan Zhang , Hongxia Xu , Jian Wu , Zuozhu Liu

Reward engineering, the manual specification of reward functions to induce desired agent behavior, remains a fundamental challenge in multi-agent reinforcement learning. This difficulty is amplified by credit assignment ambiguity,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Haoran Su , Yandong Sun , Congjia Yu

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has become a trending paradigm for training reasoning large language models (LLMs). However, due to the autoregressive decoding nature of LLMs, the rollout process becomes the efficiency…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yuhang Li , Reena Elangovan , Xin Dong , Priyadarshini Panda , Brucek Khailany

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has recently emerged as a promising framework for improving reasoning abilities in Large Language Models (LLMs). However, policy optimized with binary verification prone to overlook…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Jinghao Zhang , Naishan Zheng , Ruilin Li , Dongzhou Cheng , Zheming Liang , Feng Zhao , Jiaqi Wang

Knowledge-Based Visual Question Answering (KB-VQA) requires models to answer questions about an image by integrating external knowledge, posing significant challenges due to noisy retrieval and the structured, encyclopedic nature of the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Shan Ning , Longtian Qiu , Xuming He

Many challenges arising in Quantum Technology can be successfully addressed using a set of machine learning algorithms collectively known as reinforcement learning (RL), based on adaptive decision-making through interaction with the quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-28 Marin Bukov , Florian Marquardt