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Process Reward Models (PRMs) have become essential for improving Large Language Models (LLMs) via test-time scaling, yet their effectiveness in coding remains limited due to the lack of meaningful step decompositions in code and the noise…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Ruiyi Zhang , Peijia Qin , Qi Cao , Pengtao Xie

Large language models have demonstrated exceptional capability in natural language understanding and generation. However, their generation speed is limited by the inherently sequential nature of their decoding process, posing challenges for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Chenxi Sun , Hongzhi Zhang , Zijia Lin , Jingyuan Zhang , Fuzheng Zhang , Zhongyuan Wang , Bin Chen , Chengru Song , Di Zhang , Kun Gai , Deyi Xiong

Code Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in generating, understanding, and manipulating programming code. However, their training process inadvertently leads to the memorization of sensitive information,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Yuqing Nie , Chong Wang , Kailong Wang , Guoai Xu , Guosheng Xu , Haoyu Wang

Masked diffusion language models (MDLMs) are trained to in-fill positions in randomly masked sequences, in contrast to next-token prediction models. Discussions around MDLMs focus on two benefits: (1) any-order decoding and 2) multi-token…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Zachary Horvitz , Raghav Singhal , Hao Zou , Carles Domingo-Enrich , Zhou Yu , Rajesh Ranganath , Kathleen McKeown

We present speculative sampling, an algorithm for accelerating transformer decoding by enabling the generation of multiple tokens from each transformer call. Our algorithm relies on the observation that the latency of parallel scoring of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-03 Charlie Chen , Sebastian Borgeaud , Geoffrey Irving , Jean-Baptiste Lespiau , Laurent Sifre , John Jumper

The recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have been extraordinary, yet the escalating inference costs associated with them present challenges in real-world applications. To address these challenges, we propose a novel approach…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Jiahao Liu , Qifan Wang , Jingang Wang , Xunliang Cai

As one of their many applications, large language models (LLMs) have recently shown promise in automating register transfer level (RTL) code generation. However, conventional LLM decoding strategies, originally designed for natural…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Mohammad Akyash , Kimia Azar , Hadi Kamali

Despite significant progress in transformer interpretability, an understanding of the computational mechanisms of large language models (LLMs) remains a fundamental challenge. Many approaches interpret a network's hidden representations but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 James R. Golden

Existing training-free approaches for GUI grounding often rely on multiple inference runs, such as iterative cropping or candidate aggregation, to identify target elements. Despite this additional computation, each forward pass still…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Jiaping Lin , Fei Shen , Junzhe Li , Ping Nie , Fei Yu , Ming Li , Haizhou Li

Speculative decoding accelerates LLM inference by utilizing otherwise idle computational resources during memory-to-chip data transfer. Current speculative decoding methods typically assume a considerable amount of available computing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Luohe Shi , Zuchao Li , Lefei Zhang , Baoyuan Qi , Guoming Liu , Hai Zhao

Recent progress in large language models (LLMs) for code generation has raised serious concerns about intellectual property protection. Malicious users can exploit LLMs to produce paraphrased versions of proprietary code that closely…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Shinwoo Park , Hyundong Jin , Jeong-won Cha , Yo-Sub Han

Constrained decoding approaches aim to control the meaning or style of text generated by the pre-trained large language models (LLMs or also PLMs) for various tasks at inference time. However, these methods often guide plausible…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Chen Xu , Tian Lan , Yu Ji , Changlong Yu , Wei Wang , Jun Gao , Qunxi Dong , Kun Qian , Piji Li , Wei Bi , Bin Hu

The goal of decompilation is to convert compiled low-level code (e.g., assembly code) back into high-level programming languages, enabling analysis in scenarios where source code is unavailable. This task supports various reverse…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Yunlong Feng , Bohan Li , Xiaoming Shi , Qingfu Zhu , Wanxiang Che

Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed listwise document reranking by enabling global reasoning over candidate sets, yet single models often struggle to balance fine-grained relevance scoring with holistic cross-document analysis. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Abdelrahman Abdallah , Jamshid Mozafari , Bhawna Piryani , Adam Jatowt

We present LayerSkip, an end-to-end solution to speed-up inference of large language models (LLMs). First, during training we apply layer dropout, with low dropout rates for earlier layers and higher dropout rates for later layers, and an…

Autoregressive (AR) models remain the standard for natural language generation but still suffer from high latency due to strictly sequential decoding. Recent diffusion-inspired approaches, such as LlaDA and Dream, mitigate this by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Qinglin Zhu , Yizhen Yao , Runcong Zhao , Yanzheng Xiang , Amrutha Saseendran , Chen Jin , Philip Teare , Bin Liang , Yulan He , Lin Gui

Despite recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) for code generation, the quality of LLM-generated code still faces significant challenges. One significant issue is code repetition, which refers to the model's tendency to generate…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Mingwei Liu , Juntao Li , Ying Wang , Xueying Du , Zuoyu Ou , Qiuyuan Chen , Bingxu An , Zhao Wei , Yong Xu , Fangming Zou , Xin Peng , Yiling Lou

Decoding from large language models (LLMs) typically relies on fixed sampling hyperparameters (e.g., temperature, top-p), despite substantial variation in task difficulty and uncertainty across prompts and individual decoding steps. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Chloe H. Su , Zhe Ye , Samuel Tenka , Aidan Yang , Soonho Kong , Udaya Ghai

Autoregressive decoding limits the efficiency of transformers for Machine Translation (MT). The community proposed specific network architectures and learning-based methods to solve this issue, which are expensive and require changes to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Andrea Santilli , Silvio Severino , Emilian Postolache , Valentino Maiorca , Michele Mancusi , Riccardo Marin , Emanuele Rodolà

Large Language Models have demonstrated remarkable abilities in reasoning and planning by breaking down complex problems into sequential steps. Despite their success in various domains like mathematical problem-solving and coding, LLMs face…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Chang Ma , Haiteng Zhao , Junlei Zhang , Junxian He , Lingpeng Kong