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Federated fine-tuning of Large Language Models (LLMs) is obstructed by a trilemma of challenges: protecting LLMs intellectual property (IP), ensuring client privacy, and mitigating performance loss on heterogeneous data. Existing methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Tao Fan , Guoqiang Ma , Yuanfeng Song , Lixin Fan , Kai Chen , Qiang Yang

Despite the recent popularity of Large Language Models (LLMs) in Machine Translation (MT), their performance in low-resource languages (LRLs) still lags significantly behind Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models. In this work, we explore…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Vivek Iyer , Bhavitvya Malik , Pavel Stepachev , Pinzhen Chen , Barry Haddow , Alexandra Birch

Training Large Language Models (LLMs) is costly in terms of energy, hardware, and annotated data, often resulting in a positionality rooted in predominant cultures and values (Santy et al., 2023). Domain adaptation has emerged as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Hernán Maina , Nicolás Wolovick , Luciana Benotti

Adapting large language models (LLMs) to new languages typically involves continual pre-training (CT) followed by supervised fine-tuning (SFT). However, this CT-then-SFT approach struggles with limited data in the context of low-resource…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Mingxu Tao , Chen Zhang , Quzhe Huang , Tianyao Ma , Songfang Huang , Dongyan Zhao , Yansong Feng

Pre-trained large language models (LLMs) have become a cornerstone of modern natural language processing, with their capabilities extending across a wide range of applications and languages. However, the fine-tuning of multilingual LLMs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Wanru Zhao , Yihong Chen , Royson Lee , Xinchi Qiu , Yan Gao , Hongxiang Fan , Nicholas D. Lane

Large language models (LLMs) are now available from cloud API providers in various sizes and configurations. While this diversity offers a broad spectrum of choices, effectively leveraging the options to optimize computational cost and…

While integrating tools like Code Interpreter and Search has significantly enhanced Large Language Model (LLM) reasoning in models like ChatGPT Agent and Gemini-Pro, practical guidance on optimal tool use is lacking. The core challenge is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Yongchao Chen , Jiefeng Chen , Rui Meng , Ji Yin , Na Li , Chuchu Fan , Chi Wang , Tomas Pfister , Jinsung Yoon

Low-resource languages (LRLs) face significant challenges in natural language processing (NLP) due to limited data. While current state-of-the-art large language models (LLMs) still struggle with LRLs, smaller multilingual models (mLMs)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-17 Daniil Gurgurov , Ivan Vykopal , Josef van Genabith , Simon Ostermann

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have exhibited remarkable emergent capabilities through extensive pre-training, they still face critical limitations in generalizing to specialized domains and handling diverse linguistic variations, known…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Jinwu Hu , Zhitian Zhang , Guohao Chen , Xutao Wen , Chao Shuai , Wei Luo , Bin Xiao , Yuanqing Li , Mingkui Tan

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have shown very impressive capabilities in code generation across many programming languages. However, even state-of-the-art LLMs generate programs that contains syntactic errors and fail…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-25 David Jiahao Fu , Aryan Gupta , Aaron Councilman , David Grove , Yu-Xiong Wang , Vikram Adve

Optimizing data mixtures is essential for unlocking the full potential of large language models (LLMs), yet identifying the optimal composition remains computationally prohibitive due to reliance on heuristic trials or expensive proxy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Jiapeng Wang , Changxin Tian , Kunlong Chen , Ziqi Liu , Jiaxin Mao , Wayne Xin Zhao , Zhiqiang Zhang , Jun Zhou

Despite advancements in English-dominant generative large language models, further development is needed for low-resource languages to enhance global accessibility. The primary methods for representing these languages are monolingual and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Cagri Toraman

Recent large language models (LLM) exhibit sub-optimal performance on low-resource languages, as the training data of these models is usually dominated by English and other high-resource languages. Furthermore, it is challenging to train…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Zoltan Csaki , Pian Pawakapan , Urmish Thakker , Qiantong Xu

The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) has significantly advanced the field of automated code generation. LLMs rely on large and diverse datasets to learn syntax, semantics, and usage patterns of programming languages. For low-resource…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Alessandro Giagnorio , Alberto Martin-Lopez , Gabriele Bavota

In this survey, we systematically analyze techniques used to adapt large multimodal models (LMMs) for low-resource (LR) languages, examining approaches ranging from visual enhancement and data creation to cross-modal transfer and fusion…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Marian Lupascu , Ana-Cristina Rogoz , Mihai Sorin Stupariu , Radu Tudor Ionescu

Building effective tokenizers for multilingual Large Language Models (LLMs) requires careful control over language-specific data mixtures. While a tokenizer's compression performance critically affects the efficiency of LLM training and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Inho Won , Hangyeol Yoo , Minkyung Cho , Jungyeul Park , Hoyun Song , KyungTae Lim

Adapting Large Language Models in complex technical service domains is constrained by the absence of explicit cognitive chains in human demonstrations and the inherent ambiguity arising from the diversity of valid responses. These…

Modern deployment of large language models (LLMs) frequently involves both inference serving and continuous retraining to stay aligned with evolving data and user feedback. Common practices separate these workloads onto distinct servers in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Yufei Li , Zexin Li , Yinglun Zhu , Cong Liu

Existing efforts to improve logical reasoning ability of language models have predominantly relied on supervised fine-tuning, hindering generalization to new domains and/or tasks. The development of Large Langauge Models (LLMs) has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Fangkai Jiao , Zhiyang Teng , Bosheng Ding , Zhengyuan Liu , Nancy F. Chen , Shafiq Joty

In this paper, we address the challenge of optimizing training setups for Large Language Models (LLMs) of low-resource language with a limited amount of corpus. Existing works adopt multi-epoch, multi-lingual, and two-stage training to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Kosuke Akimoto , Masafumi Oyamada
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