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Reinforcement learning from expert demonstrations has long remained a challenging research problem, and existing state-of-the-art methods using behavioral cloning plus further RL training often suffer from poor generalization, low sample…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Borui Wang , Kathleen McKeown , Rex Ying

To meet the requirements of real-world applications, it is essential to control generations of large language models (LLMs). Prior research has tried to introduce reinforcement learning (RL) into controllable text generation while most…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Wendi Li , Wei Wei , Kaihe Xu , Wenfeng Xie , Dangyang Chen , Yu Cheng

Current Large Language Models (LLMs) often undergo supervised fine-tuning (SFT) to acquire tool use capabilities. However, SFT struggles to generalize to unfamiliar or complex tool use scenarios. Recent advancements in reinforcement…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Cheng Qian , Emre Can Acikgoz , Qi He , Hongru Wang , Xiusi Chen , Dilek Hakkani-Tür , Gokhan Tur , Heng Ji

Small LLMs often struggle to match the agentic capabilities of large, costly models. While reinforcement learning can help, progress has been limited by two structural bottlenecks: existing open-source agentic training data are narrow in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Yuanjie Lyu , Chengyu Wang , Lei Shen , Jun Huang , Tong Xu

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) provides powerful methods for training optimal sequential decision-making agents. As collecting real-world interactions can entail additional costs and safety risks, the common paradigm of sim2real conducts…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Minqi Jiang

Language model (LM) agents have gained significant attention for their ability to autonomously complete tasks through interactions with environments, tools, and APIs. LM agents are primarily built with prompt engineering or supervised…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Renxi Wang , Rifo Ahmad Genadi , Bilal El Bouardi , Yongxin Wang , Fajri Koto , Zhengzhong Liu , Timothy Baldwin , Haonan Li

The objective of this study is to design and implement a reinforcement learning (RL) environment using D\&D 5E combat scenarios to challenge smaller RL agents through interaction with a robust adversarial agent controlled by advanced Large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Joseph Emmanuel DL Dayo , Michel Onasis S. Ogbinar , Prospero C. Naval

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in language understanding and reasoning, yet they remain limited when tackling real-world tasks that require up-to-date knowledge, precise operations, or specialized tool…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Yabo Zhang , Yihan Zeng , Qingyun Li , Zhen Hu , Kavin Han , Wangmeng Zuo

Large language models (LLMs) transcend passive generation and act as goal-directed agents by invoking external tools. Reinforcement learning (RL) offers a principled framework for optimizing these emergent tool-use policies, yet the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Zihan Lin , Xiaohan Wang , Jie Cao , Jiajun Chai , Guojun Yin , Wei Lin , Ran He

Conducting reinforcement learning (RL) in simulated environments offers a cost-effective and highly scalable way to enhance language-based agents. However, previous work has been limited to semi-automated environment synthesis or tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Shihao Cai , Runnan Fang , Jialong Wu , Baixuan Li , Xinyu Wang , Yong Jiang , Liangcai Su , Liwen Zhang , Wenbiao Yin , Zhen Zhang , Fuli Feng , Pengjun Xie , Xiaobin Wang

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a general framework concerned with an agent that seeks to maximize rewards in an environment. The learning typically happens through trial and error using explorative methods, such as epsilon-greedy. There are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-06 Per-Arne Andersen , Morten Goodwin , Ole-Christoffer Granmo

Tool-augmented language models have demonstrated strong capabilities, but their reliance on live API access creates scalability and reliability challenges during training and deployment. We propose MTR, a simulation-first training framework…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Chenpeng Wang , Xiaojie Cheng , Chunye Wang , Linfeng Yang , Lei Zhang

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a promising approach for aligning large language models (LLMs) knowledge with sequential decision-making tasks. However, few studies have thoroughly investigated the impact on LLM agents capabilities of…

An important goal of research in Deep Reinforcement Learning in mobile robotics is to train agents capable of solving complex tasks, which require a high level of scene understanding and reasoning from an egocentric perspective. When…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-04 Edward Beeching , Christian Wolf , Jilles Dibangoye , Olivier Simonin

Reinforcement learning (RL) has gained popularity in the realm of recommender systems due to its ability to optimize long-term rewards and guide users in discovering relevant content. However, the successful implementation of RL in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Nathan Corecco , Giorgio Piatti , Luca A. Lanzendörfer , Flint Xiaofeng Fan , Roger Wattenhofer

Reinforcement learning is able to solve complex sequential decision-making tasks but is currently limited by sample efficiency and required computation. To improve sample efficiency, recent work focuses on model-based RL which interleaves…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-19 Yi Zhao , Wenshuai Zhao , Rinu Boney , Juho Kannala , Joni Pajarinen

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a powerful approach for robot learning. However, model-free RL (MFRL) requires a large number of environment interactions to learn successful control policies. This is due to the noisy RL training updates and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Maria Krinner , Elie Aljalbout , Angel Romero , Davide Scaramuzza

In the past decade, model-free reinforcement learning (RL) has provided solutions to challenging domains such as robotics. Model-based RL shows the prospect of being more sample-efficient than model-free methods in terms of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-14 John McLeod , Hrvoje Stojic , Vincent Adam , Dongho Kim , Jordi Grau-Moya , Peter Vrancx , Felix Leibfried

Recently, the emergence of agentic RL has showcased that RL could also effectively improve the agentic reasoning ability of LLMs, yet the key design principles and optimal practices remain unclear. In this work, we conduct a comprehensive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Zhaochen Yu , Ling Yang , Jiaru Zou , Shuicheng Yan , Mengdi Wang

Reinforcement Learning (RL) plays an important role in the robotic manipulation domain since it allows self-learning from trial-and-error interactions with the environment. Still, sample efficiency and reward specification seriously limit…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Kun Chu , Xufeng Zhao , Cornelius Weber , Mengdi Li , Stefan Wermter