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Continuous Integration (CI) has evolved from a tooling strategy to a fundamental mindset in modern CI engineering. It enables teams to develop, test, and deliver software rapidly and collaboratively. Among CI services, GitHub Actions (GHA)…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Edward Abrokwah , Taher A. Ghaleb

GitHub Actions (GHA) CI workflows are critical infrastructure, but current tooling offers only syntactic or heuristic checks and does not enforce documented best practices for security, maintainability, or performance. Consequently, issues…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Edward Abrokwah , Taher A. Ghaleb

Developers often struggle with maintaining GitHub Actions workflow configurations in GitHub-hosted repositories, with recent studies showing frequent execution failures. This paper empirically explores how the adoption and evolution of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Aref Talebzadeh Bardsiri , Alexandre Decan , Tom Mens

CI/CD practices play a significant role during collaborative software development by automating time-consuming and repetitive tasks such as testing, building, quality checking, dependency and security management. GitHub Actions, the CI/CD…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Pooya Rostami Mazrae , Alexandre Decan , Tom Mens , Mairieli Wessel

Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery (CI/CD) caching is widely used to reduce repeated computation and improve CI/CD efficiency, yet maintaining effective caching requires ongoing maintenance effort. In this paper, we present the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Kazi Amit Hasan , Yuan Tian , Safwat Hassan , Steven H. H. Ding

GitHub natively supports workflow automation through GitHub Actions. Yet, workflow maintenance is often considered a burden for software developers, who frequently face difficulties in writing, testing, debugging, and maintaining workflows.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Hassan Onsori Delicheh , Guillaume Cardoen , Alexandre Decan , Tom Mens

GitHub Actions (GA) is an orchestration platform that streamlines the automatic execution of software engineering tasks such as building, testing, and deployment. Although GA workflows are the primary means for automation, according to our…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Pablo Valenzuela-Toledo , Alexandre Bergel , Timo Kehrer , Oscar Nierstrasz

GitHub introduced "Actions" in 2019 to increase workflow velocity and add customized automation to the repositories. Any individual can develop Actions for automating workflow on GitHub repositories and others can reuse them whenever open…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Sk Golam Saroar , Maleknaz Nayebi

The demand for quick and reliable DevOps operations pushed distributors of repository platforms to implement workflows. Workflows allow automating code management operations directly on the repository hosting the software. However, this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-11 Giacomo Benedetti , Luca Verderame , Alessio Merlo

GitHub Actions (GA) has become the de facto tool that developers use to automate software workflows, seamlessly building, testing, and deploying code. Yet when GA fails, it disrupts development, causing delays and driving up costs.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Pablo Valenzuela-Toledo , Chuyue Wu , Sandro Hernandez , Alexander Boll , Roman Machacek , Sebastiano Panichella , Timo Kehrer

Automated tools are frequently used in social coding repositories to perform repetitive activities that are part of the distributed software development process. Recently, GitHub introduced GitHub Actions, a feature providing automated…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Timothy Kinsman , Mairieli Wessel , Marco A. Gerosa , Christoph Treude

In the GitHub ecosystem, workflows are used as an effective means to automate development tasks and to set up a Continuous Integration and Delivery (CI/CD pipeline). GitHub Actions (GHA) have been conceived to provide developers with a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Phuong T. Nguyen , Juri Di Rocco , Claudio Di Sipio , Mudita Shakya , Davide Di Ruscio , Massimiliano Di Penta

GitHub workflows or GitHub CI is a popular continuous integration platform that enables developers to automate various software engineering tasks by specifying them as workflows, i.e., YAML files with a list of jobs. However, engineering…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Xinyu Zhang , Siddharth Muralee , Sourag Cherupattamoolayil , Aravind Machiry

Software projects frequently use automation tools to perform repetitive activities in the distributed software development process. Recently, GitHub introduced GitHub Actions, a feature providing automated workflows for software projects.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Mairieli Wessel , Joseph Vargovich , Marco A. Gerosa , Christoph Treude

GitHub Actions is a widely used platform to automate the build and deployment of software projects through configurable workflows. As the platform's popularity grows, it also becomes a target of choice for software supply chain attacks.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Madjda Fares , Yogya Gamage , Benoit Baudry

In open-source projects, anyone can contribute, so it is important to have an active continuous integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipeline in addition to a protocol for reporting security concerns, especially in projects that are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Jessy Ayala , Joshua Garcia

GitHub plays a critical role in modern software supply chains, making its security an important research concern. Existing studies have primarily focused on CI/CD automation, collaboration patterns, and community management, while abuse…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yuli Cheng , Xiaoyu Zhang , Jiongchi Yu , Shiqing Ma , Chao Shen , Yang Liu

Continuous Integration (CI) is a well-established practice in traditional software development, but its nuances in the domain of Machine Learning (ML) projects remain relatively unexplored. Given the distinctive nature of ML development,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-15 João Helis Bernardo , Daniel Alencar da Costa , Sérgio Queiroz de Medeiros , Uirá Kulesza

Large-scale software development has become a highly collaborative and geographically distributed endeavour, especially in open-source software development ecosystems and their associated developer communities. It has given rise to modern…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Mairieli Wessel , Tom Mens , Alexandre Decan , Pooya Rostami Mazrae

Continuous Integration (CI) is widely used to provide rapid feedback on code changes; however, CI build outcomes are not always reliable. Builds may fail intermittently due to non-deterministic factors, leading to flaky builds that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Wenhao Ge , Chen Zhang
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