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In automated essay scoring (AES), recent efforts have shifted toward cross-prompt settings that score essays on unseen prompts for practical applicability. However, prior methods trained with essay-score pairs of specific prompts pose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Heejin Do , Taehee Park , Sangwon Ryu , Gary Geunbae Lee

The advent of large language models (LLMs) has sparked significant interest in using natural language for preference learning. However, existing methods often suffer from high computational burdens, taxing human supervision, and lack of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-23 Saaduddin Mahmud , Mason Nakamura , Shlomo Zilberstein

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) is a cross-disciplinary effort involving Education, Linguistics, and Natural Language Processing (NLP). The efficacy of an NLP model in AES tests it ability to evaluate long-term dependencies and extrapolate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-01 Christopher M Ormerod , Akanksha Malhotra , Amir Jafari

Cross-prompt automated essay scoring (AES) requires the system to use non target-prompt essays to award scores to a target-prompt essay. Since obtaining a large quantity of pre-graded essays to a particular prompt is often difficult and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-08-05 Robert Ridley , Liang He , Xinyu Dai , Shujian Huang , Jiajun Chen

Automatic Essay Scoring (AES) assigns scores to student essays, reducing the grading workload for instructors. Developing a scoring system capable of handling essays across diverse prompts is challenging due to the flexibility and diverse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Zhaoyi Joey Hou , Alejandro Ciuba , Xiang Lorraine Li

In-Context Learning (ICL) empowers Large Language Models (LLMs) to tackle diverse tasks by incorporating multiple input-output examples, known as demonstrations, into the input of LLMs. More recently, advancements in the expanded context…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zihan Chen , Song Wang , Zhen Tan , Jundong Li , Cong Shen

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) is crucial for modern education, particularly with the increasing prevalence of multimodal assessments. However, traditional AES methods struggle with evaluation generalizability and multimodal perception,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Jiamin Su , Yibo Yan , Zhuoran Gao , Han Zhang , Xiang Liu , Xuming Hu

Automatic Essay Scoring (AES) is a well-established educational pursuit that employs machine learning to evaluate student-authored essays. While much effort has been made in this area, current research primarily focuses on either (i)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Kaixun Yang , Mladen Raković , Yuyang Li , Quanlong Guan , Dragan Gašević , Guanliang Chen

Recent advances in cross-prompt automated essay scoring (AES) typically train models jointly on all source prompts, often requiring additional access to unlabeled target prompt essays simultaneously. However, using all sources is suboptimal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Sanwoo Lee , Kun Liang , Yunfang Wu

Multimodal language models now integrate text, audio, and video for unified reasoning. Yet existing RL post-training pipelines treat all input signals as equally relevant, ignoring which modalities each task actually requires. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Nikhil Verma , Minjung Kim , JooYoung Yoo , Kyung-Min Jin , Manasa Bharadwaj , Kevin Ferreira , Ko Keun Kim , Youngjoon Kim

Pre-trained vision-language (V-L) models such as CLIP have shown excellent generalization ability to downstream tasks. However, they are sensitive to the choice of input text prompts and require careful selection of prompt templates to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-04 Muhammad Uzair Khattak , Hanoona Rasheed , Muhammad Maaz , Salman Khan , Fahad Shahbaz Khan

Automated essay scoring (AES) aims to score essays written for a given prompt, which defines the writing topic. Most existing AES systems assume to grade essays of the same prompt as used in training and assign only a holistic score.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Heejin Do , Yunsu Kim , Gary Geunbae Lee

Cross-topic automated essay scoring (AES) aims to develop a transferable model capable of effectively evaluating essays on a target topic. A significant challenge in this domain arises from the inherent discrepancies between topics. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Chunyun Zhang , Hongyan Zhao , Chaoran Cui , Qilong Song , Zhiqing Lu , Shuai Gong , Kailin Liu

Multi-prompt learning methods have emerged as an effective approach for facilitating the rapid adaptation of vision-language models to downstream tasks with limited resources. Existing multi-prompt learning methods primarily focus on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Fei Song , Yi Li , Jiangmeng Li , Rui Wang , Changwen Zheng , Fanjiang Xu , Hui Xiong

Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities in real-world applications. The capability of in-context learning (ICL) allows us to adapt an LLM to downstream tasks by including input-label exemplars in the prompt without…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Zhaoxuan Wu , Xiaoqiang Lin , Zhongxiang Dai , Wenyang Hu , Yao Shu , See-Kiong Ng , Patrick Jaillet , Bryan Kian Hsiang Low

Table-based question answering requires complex reasoning capabilities that current LLMs struggle to achieve with single-pass inference. Existing approaches, such as Chain-of-Thought reasoning and question decomposition, lack error…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Ye Bai , Minghan Wang , Thuy-Trang Vu

Large language models (LLMs) have recently reshaped Automated Essay Scoring (AES), yet prior studies typically examine individual techniques in isolation, limiting understanding of their relative merits for English as a Second Language (L2)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Minh Hoang Nguyen , Vu Hoang Pham , Xuan Thanh Huynh , Phuc Hong Mai , Vinh The Nguyen , Quang Nhut Huynh , Huy Tien Nguyen , Tung Le

Prompting LLMs offers an efficient way to guide output generation without explicit model training. In the e-commerce domain, prompting-based applications are widely used for tasks such as query understanding, recommender systems, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Jingying Zeng , Zhenwei Dai , Hui Liu , Samarth Varshney , Zhiji Liu , Chen Luo , Zhen Li , Qi He , Xianfeng Tang

Few-shot unsupervised domain adaptation (FS-UDA) leverages a limited amount of labeled data from a source domain to enable accurate classification in an unlabeled target domain. Despite recent advancements, current approaches of FS-UDA…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Wanqi Yang , Haoran Wang , Lei Wang , Ge Song , Ming Yang , Yang Gao

In complex transfer learning scenarios new tasks might not be tightly linked to previous tasks. Approaches that transfer information contained only in the final parameters of a source model will therefore struggle. Instead, transfer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-03-25 Sebastian Flennerhag , Pablo G. Moreno , Neil D. Lawrence , Andreas Damianou
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