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Large language models (LLMs) achieve state-of-the-art accuracy on complex reasoning tasks by generating multiple chain-of-thought (CoT) traces, but using a fixed token budget per query leads to over-computation on easy inputs and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Katrina Brown , Aneesh Muppidi , Rana Shahout

This work develops an LLM-based optimization framework ensuring strict constraint satisfaction in network optimization. While LLMs possess contextual reasoning capabilities, existing approaches often fail to enforce constraints, causing…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Youngjin Song , Wookjin Lee , Hong Ki Kim , Sang Hyun Lee

We study methods for efficiently aligning large language models (LLMs) with human preferences given budgeted online feedback. We first formulate the LLM alignment problem in the frame of contextual dueling bandits. This formulation,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Zichen Liu , Changyu Chen , Chao Du , Wee Sun Lee , Min Lin

With Large Language Models (LLMs) being widely used across various tasks, detecting errors in their responses is increasingly crucial. However, little research has been conducted on error detection of LLM responses. Collecting error…

Tabular data synthesis is crucial in machine learning, yet existing general methods-primarily based on statistical or deep learning models-are highly data-dependent and often fall short in recommender systems. This limitation arises from…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Jingtong Gao , Zhaocheng Du , Xiaopeng Li , Yichao Wang , Xiangyang Li , Huifeng Guo , Ruiming Tang , Xiangyu Zhao

Planning for both immediate and long-term benefits becomes increasingly important in recommendation. Existing methods apply Reinforcement Learning (RL) to learn planning capacity by maximizing cumulative reward for long-term recommendation.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Wentao Shi , Xiangnan He , Yang Zhang , Chongming Gao , Xinyue Li , Jizhi Zhang , Qifan Wang , Fuli Feng

One critical challenge for large language models (LLMs) for making complex reasoning is their reliance on matching reasoning patterns from training data, instead of proactively selecting the most appropriate cognitive strategy to solve a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Qin Liu , Wenxuan Zhou , Nan Xu , James Y. Huang , Fei Wang , Sheng Zhang , Hoifung Poon , Muhao Chen

Reinforcement Learning algorithms that learn from human feedback (RLHF) need to be efficient in terms of statistical complexity, computational complexity, and query complexity. In this work, we consider the RLHF setting where the feedback…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Runzhe Wu , Wen Sun

Post-training for large language models (LLMs) is constrained by the high cost of acquiring new knowledge or correcting errors and by the unintended side effects that frequently arise from retraining. To address these issues, we introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Yisu Wang , Ming Wang , Haoyuan Song , Wenjie Huang , Chaozheng Wang , Yi Xie , Xuming Ran

Large language models (LLMs) present novel opportunities in public opinion research by predicting survey responses in advance during the early stages of survey design. Prior methods steer LLMs via descriptions of subpopulations as LLMs'…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Joseph Suh , Erfan Jahanparast , Suhong Moon , Minwoo Kang , Serina Chang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to convert natural language descriptions into mathematical optimization formulations. Current evaluations often treat formulations as a whole, relying on coarse metrics like solution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Dania Refai , Moataz Ahmed

This pedagogical review examines the use of machine learning methods in finite-population inference for survey sampling, with an emphasis on design-based validity and statistical inference. While flexible prediction tools offer substantial…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-19 Mehdi Dagdoug , David Haziza

To enhance Large Language Models' (LLMs) reliability, calibration is essential -- the model's assessed confidence scores should align with the actual likelihood of its responses being correct. However, current confidence elicitation methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Yukun Huang , Yixin Liu , Raghuveer Thirukovalluru , Arman Cohan , Bhuwan Dhingra

In NLP, fine-tuning LLMs is effective for various applications but requires high-quality annotated data. However, manual annotation of data is labor-intensive, time-consuming, and costly. Therefore, LLMs are increasingly used to automate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Muhammad Uzair Ul Haq , Davide Rigoni , Alessandro Sperduti

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown significant advances in text generation but often lack the reliability needed for autonomous deployment in high-stakes domains like healthcare, law, and finance. Existing approaches rely on external…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Ninad Naik

LLM routing aims to select the most appropriate model for each query, balancing competing performance metrics such as accuracy and cost across a pool of language models. Prior approaches typically adopt a decoupled strategy, where the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Asterios Tsiourvas , Wei Sun , Georgia Perakis

The inherent probabilistic nature of Large Language Models (LLMs) introduces an element of unpredictability, raising concerns about potential discrepancies in their output. This paper introduces an innovative approach aims to generate…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-02-23 Md Sadman Sakib , Yu Sun

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized algorithm development, yet their application in symbolic regression, where algorithms automatically discover symbolic expressions from data, remains limited. In this paper, we propose a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Hengzhe Zhang , Qi Chen , Bing Xue , Wolfgang Banzhaf , Mengjie Zhang

The order of training samples plays a crucial role in large language models (LLMs), significantly impacting both their external performance and internal learning dynamics. Traditional methods for investigating this effect generally require…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Hao Yang , Haoxuan Li , Mengyue Yang , Xu Chen , Mingming Gong

Today, using Large-scale generative Language Models (LLMs) it is possible to simulate free responses to interview questions like those traditionally analyzed using qualitative research methods. Qualitative methodology encompasses a broad…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Aliya Amirova , Theodora Fteropoulli , Nafiso Ahmed , Martin R. Cowie , Joel Z. Leibo