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To standardize interactions between LLM-based agents and their environments, the Model Context Protocol (MCP) was proposed and has since been widely adopted. However, integrating external tools expands the attack surface, exposing agents to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Ruiqi Li , Zhiqiang Wang , Yunhao Yao , Xiang-Yang Li

Aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human preferences through finetuning is resource-intensive, motivating lightweight alternatives at test time. We address test-time alignment through the lens of sequential decision making, a…

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a de facto standard for integrating Large Language Models with external tools, yet no formal security analysis of the protocol specification exists. We present the first rigorous security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Narek Maloyan , Dmitry Namiot

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as the de facto standard for connecting Large Language Models (LLMs) to external data and tools, effectively functioning as the "USB-C for Agentic AI." While this decoupling of context and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Shiva Gaire , Srijan Gyawali , Saroj Mishra , Suman Niroula , Dilip Thakur , Umesh Yadav

Although Foundation Models (FMs), such as GPT-4, are increasingly used in domains like finance and software engineering, reliance on textual interfaces limits these models' real-world interaction. To address this, FM providers introduced a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Mohammed Mehedi Hasan , Hao Li , Emad Fallahzadeh , Gopi Krishnan Rajbahadur , Bram Adams , Ahmed E. Hassan

A flurry of recent work has demonstrated that pre-trained large language models (LLMs) can be effective task planners for a variety of single-robot tasks. The planning performance of LLMs is significantly improved via prompting techniques,…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-03-25 Yongchao Chen , Jacob Arkin , Yang Zhang , Nicholas Roy , Chuchu Fan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated proficiency in addressing tasks that necessitate a combination of task planning and the usage of external tools that require a blend of task planning and the utilization of external tools, such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Yilun Kong , Jingqing Ruan , Yihong Chen , Bin Zhang , Tianpeng Bao , Shiwei Shi , Guoqing Du , Xiaoru Hu , Hangyu Mao , Ziyue Li , Xingyu Zeng , Rui Zhao

The model context protocol (MCP) standardizes how LLMs connect to external tools and data sources, enabling faster integration but introducing new attack vectors. Despite the growing adoption of MCP, existing MCP security studies classify…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Yiheng Huang , Zhijia Zhao , Bihuan Chen , Susheng Wu , Zhuotong Zhou , Yiheng Cao , Xin Hu , Xin Peng

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) standardizes how a large-language-model (LLM) agent and an external tool server exchange messages, but not trust: a host reads a server's self-declared tool list and dispatches calls, with no notion of which…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Alfredo Metere

Despite the significant advancements in Text-to-SQL (Text2SQL) facilitated by large language models (LLMs), the latest state-of-the-art techniques are still trapped in the in-context learning of closed-source LLMs (e.g., GPT-4), which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yang Qin , Chao Chen , Zhihang Fu , Ze Chen , Dezhong Peng , Peng Hu , Jieping Ye

Agents significantly enhance the capabilities of standalone Large Language Models (LLMs) by perceiving environments, making decisions, and executing actions. However, LLM agents still face challenges in tasks that require multiple…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Yuanzhao Zhai , Tingkai Yang , Kele Xu , Feng Dawei , Cheng Yang , Bo Ding , Huaimin Wang

Task-oriented queries (e.g., one-shot queries to play videos, order food, or call a taxi) are crucial for assessing the quality of virtual assistants, chatbots, and other large language model (LLM)-based services. However, a standard…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Keun Soo Yim

Large language models and autonomous AI agents have evolved rapidly, resulting in a diverse array of evaluation benchmarks, frameworks, and collaboration protocols. Driven by the growing need for standardized evaluation and integration, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Mohamed Amine Ferrag , Norbert Tihanyi , Merouane Debbah

Large Language Model (LLM) agents face security vulnerabilities spanning AI-specific and traditional software domains, yet current research addresses these separately. This study bridges this gap through comparative evaluation of Function…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Tarek Gasmi , Ramzi Guesmi , Ines Belhadj , Jihene Bennaceur

The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) has accelerated the transition from conversational chatbots to general agents. However, effectively balancing empathetic communication with budget-aware decision-making remains an open…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Ning Gao , Wei Zhang , Yuqin Dai , Ling Shi , Ziyin Wang , Yujie Wang , Wei He , Jinpeng Wang , Chaozheng Wang

Model Predictive Control (MPC) is a powerful control strategy widely utilized in domains like energy management, building control, and autonomous systems. However, its effectiveness in real-world settings is challenged by the need to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-08 Ruixiang Wu , Jiahao Ai , Tongxin Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a powerful tool in advancing the Text-to-SQL task, significantly outperforming traditional methods.Nevertheless, as a nascent research field, there is still no consensus on the optimal prompt…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Bin Zhang , Yuxiao Ye , Guoqing Du , Xiaoru Hu , Zhishuai Li , Chi Harold Liu , Zhiwei Xu , Guoliang Fan , Rui Zhao , Ziyue Li , Hangyu Mao

While prior red-teaming efforts have focused on eliciting harmful text outputs from large language models (LLMs), such approaches fail to capture agent-specific vulnerabilities that emerge through multi-step tool execution, particularly in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Hyomin Lee , Sangwoo Park , Yumin Choi , Sohyun An , Seanie Lee , Sung Ju Hwang

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a standard for connecting large language models (LLMs) with external tools. However, this MCP ecosystem introduces new security risks across hosts, servers, and registries. In this paper, we…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Xiaofan Li , Xing Gao

LLM recommendation agents increasingly produce structured recommendation reports: sets of items accompanied by natural-language justifications. Yet existing evaluations often reduce this setting to reranking small shortlisted candidate sets…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Imad Aouali , Flavian Vasile , Otmane Sakhi , Alexandre Gilotte , Benjamin Heymann