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The double descent phenomenon challenges traditional statistical learning theory by revealing scenarios where larger models do not necessarily lead to reduced performance on unseen data. While this counterintuitive behavior has been…

Modern deep learning models employ considerably more parameters than required to fit the training data. Whereas conventional statistical wisdom suggests such models should drastically overfit, in practice these models generalize remarkably…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-08-18 Ben Adlam , Jeffrey Pennington

A regression model with more parameters than data points in the training data is overparametrized and has the capability to interpolate the training data. Based on the classical bias-variance tradeoff expressions, it is commonly assumed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Tomas McKelvey

Combining empirical risk minimization with capacity control is a classical strategy in machine learning when trying to control the generalization gap and avoid overfitting, as the model class capacity gets larger. Yet, in modern deep…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Marc Lafon , Alexandre Thomas

Recent advances in machine learning have been achieved by using overparametrized models trained until near interpolation of the training data. It was shown, e.g., through the double descent phenomenon, that the number of parameters is a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-03-14 Hong Hu , Yue M. Lu , Theodor Misiakiewicz

We obtain upper bounds for the estimation error of Kernel Ridge Regression (KRR) for all non-negative regularization parameters, offering a geometric perspective on various phenomena in KRR. As applications: 1. We address the multiple…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-10-10 Georgios Gavrilopoulos , Guillaume Lecué , Zong Shang

This paper carries out a large dimensional analysis of a variation of kernel ridge regression that we call \emph{centered kernel ridge regression} (CKRR), also known in the literature as kernel ridge regression with offset. This modified…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-04-22 Khalil Elkhalil , Abla Kammoun , Xiangliang Zhang , Mohamed-Slim Alouini , Tareq Al-Naffouri

The generalization performance of kernel ridge regression (KRR) exhibits a multi-phased pattern that crucially depends on the scaling relationship between the sample size $n$ and the underlying dimension $d$. This phenomenon is due to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-16 Hong Hu , Yue M. Lu

In this paper, we provide a precise characterization of generalization properties of high dimensional kernel ridge regression across the under- and over-parameterized regimes, depending on whether the number of training data n exceeds the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-02-25 Fanghui Liu , Zhenyu Liao , Johan A. K. Suykens

Kernel ridge regression (KRR) is a popular class of machine learning models that has become an important tool for understanding deep learning. Much of the focus thus far has been on studying the proportional asymptotic regime, $n \asymp d$,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-07 Parthe Pandit , Zhichao Wang , Yizhe Zhu

Recent works have demonstrated a double descent phenomenon in over-parameterized learning. Although this phenomenon has been investigated by recent works, it has not been fully understood in theory. In this paper, we investigate the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-10-11 Xuran Meng , Jianfeng Yao , Yuan Cao

We investigate changing the bandwidth of a translational-invariant kernel during training when solving kernel regression with gradient descent. We present a theoretical bound on the out-of-sample generalization error that advocates for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-19 Oskar Allerbo

Deep neural networks can achieve remarkable generalization performances while interpolating the training data perfectly. Rather than the U-curve emblematic of the bias-variance trade-off, their test error often follows a "double descent" -…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-06 Stéphane d'Ascoli , Maria Refinetti , Giulio Biroli , Florent Krzakala

Understanding generalization and estimation error of estimators for simple models such as linear and generalized linear models has attracted a lot of attention recently. This is in part due to an interesting observation made in machine…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-03-09 Mojtaba Sahraee-Ardakan , Tung Mai , Anup Rao , Ryan Rossi , Sundeep Rangan , Alyson K. Fletcher

`Double descent' delineates the generalization behaviour of models depending on the regime they belong to: under- or over-parameterized. The current theoretical understanding behind the occurrence of this phenomenon is primarily based on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-03-15 Sidak Pal Singh , Aurelien Lucchi , Thomas Hofmann , Bernhard Schölkopf

Empirically it has been observed that the performance of deep neural networks steadily improves as we increase model size, contradicting the classical view on overfitting and generalization. Recently, the double descent phenomena has been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Ilja Kuzborskij , Csaba Szepesvári , Omar Rivasplata , Amal Rannen-Triki , Razvan Pascanu

Double descent is a surprising phenomenon in machine learning, in which as the number of model parameters grows relative to the number of data, test error drops as models grow ever larger into the highly overparameterized (data…

Double descent is a phenomenon of over-parameterized statistical models such as deep neural networks which have a re-descending property in their risk function. As the complexity of the model increases, risk exhibits a U-shaped region due…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-16 Nick Polson , Vadim Sokolov

Overparametrized models can exhibit an excellent generalization performance, although they should be prone to overfitting according to classical statistical theory. The discovery of the "double descent", indicating that the generalization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Tino Werner

Recent studies have reported $\textit{saturation effects}$ and $\textit{multiple descent behavior}$ in large dimensional kernel ridge regression (KRR). However, these findings are predominantly derived under restrictive settings, such as…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-15 Yang Zhou , Yicheng Li , Yuqian Cheng , Qian Lin
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