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Multi-turn jailbreak attacks simulate real-world human interactions by engaging large language models (LLMs) in iterative dialogues, exposing critical safety vulnerabilities. However, existing methods often struggle to balance semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Zonghao Ying , Deyue Zhang , Zonglei Jing , Yisong Xiao , Quanchen Zou , Aishan Liu , Siyuan Liang , Xiangzheng Zhang , Xianglong Liu , Dacheng Tao

In the era of rapid generative AI development, interactions with large language models (LLMs) pose increasing risks of misuse. Prior research has primarily focused on attacks using template-based prompts and optimization-oriented methods,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Wenhan Chang , Tianqing Zhu , Yu Zhao , Shuangyong Song , Ping Xiong , Wanlei Zhou

Most traditional AI safety research has approached AI models as machines and centered on algorithm-focused attacks developed by security experts. As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly common and competent, non-expert users can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Yi Zeng , Hongpeng Lin , Jingwen Zhang , Diyi Yang , Ruoxi Jia , Weiyan Shi

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate outstanding performance in their reservoir of knowledge and understanding capabilities, but they have also been shown to be prone to illegal or unethical reactions when subjected to jailbreak…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Fengxiang Wang , Ranjie Duan , Peng Xiao , Xiaojun Jia , Shiji Zhao , Cheng Wei , YueFeng Chen , Chongwen Wang , Jialing Tao , Hang Su , Jun Zhu , Hui Xue

Recent large language model (LLM) defenses have greatly improved models' ability to refuse harmful queries, even when adversarially attacked. However, LLM defenses are primarily evaluated against automated adversarial attacks in a single…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Nathaniel Li , Ziwen Han , Ian Steneker , Willow Primack , Riley Goodside , Hugh Zhang , Zifan Wang , Cristina Menghini , Summer Yue

The discovery of "jailbreaks" to bypass safety filters of Large Language Models (LLMs) and harmful responses have encouraged the community to implement safety measures. One major safety measure is to proactively test the LLMs with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Haibo Jin , Ruoxi Chen , Peiyan Zhang , Andy Zhou , Haohan Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) can generate human-like disinformation, yet their ability to personalise such content across languages and demographics remains underexplored. This study presents the first large-scale, multilingual analysis of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-30 João A. Leite , Arnav Arora , Silvia Gargova , João Luz , Gustavo Sampaio , Ian Roberts , Carolina Scarton , Kalina Bontcheva

Large language models are increasingly influencing human moral decisions, yet current approaches focus primarily on evaluating rather than actively steering their moral decisions. We formulate this as an out-of-distribution moral alignment…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Zhiyu An , Wan Du

Large Language Models have shown impressive generative capabilities across diverse tasks, but their safety remains a critical concern. Existing post-training alignment methods, such as SFT and RLHF, reduce harmful outputs yet leave LLMs…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Zhengyue Zhao , Yingzi Ma , Somesh Jha , Marco Pavone , Patrick McDaniel , Chaowei Xiao

Large language models (LLMs) are vulnerable to jailbreak attacks - resulting in harmful, unethical, or biased text generations. However, existing jailbreaking methods are computationally costly. In this paper, we propose the weak-to-strong…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Xuandong Zhao , Xianjun Yang , Tianyu Pang , Chao Du , Lei Li , Yu-Xiang Wang , William Yang Wang

As Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly become key components in various AI applications, understanding their security vulnerabilities and the effectiveness of defense mechanisms is crucial. This survey examines the security challenges…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Frank Weizhen Liu , Chenhui Hu

The rise of multimodal large language models has introduced innovative human-machine interaction paradigms but also significant challenges in machine learning safety. Audio-Language Models (ALMs) are especially relevant due to the intuitive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Isha Gupta , David Khachaturov , Robert Mullins

Large Language Models (LLMs) are typically harmless but remain vulnerable to carefully crafted prompts known as ``jailbreaks'', which can bypass protective measures and induce harmful behavior. Recent advancements in LLMs have incorporated…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Haibo Jin , Andy Zhou , Joe D. Menke , Haohan Wang

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly operate in multi-agent and safety-critical settings, raising open questions about how their vulnerabilities scale when models interact adversarially. This study examines whether larger models can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Samuel Nathanson , Rebecca Williams , Cynthia Matuszek

As deep learning advances, Large Language Models (LLMs) and their multimodal counterparts, Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), have shown exceptional performance in many real-world tasks. However, MLLMs face significant security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Fenghua Weng , Yue Xu , Chengyan Fu , Wenjie Wang

As diverse linguistic communities and users adopt large language models (LLMs), assessing their safety across languages becomes critical. Despite ongoing efforts to make LLMs safe, they can still be made to behave unsafely with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Fabio Pernisi , Dirk Hovy , Paul Röttger

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in solving complex problems by generating structured, step-by-step reasoning content. However, exposing a model's internal reasoning process introduces additional…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Zheng Lin , Zhenxing Niu , Haoxuan Ji , Yuzhe Huang , Haichang Gao

Uncovering the mechanisms behind "jailbreaks" in large language models (LLMs) is crucial for enhancing their safety and reliability, yet these mechanisms remain poorly understood. Existing studies predominantly analyze jailbreak prompts by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Licheng Pan , Yunsheng Lu , Jiexi Liu , Jialing Tao , Haozhe Feng , Hui Xue , Zhixuan Chu , Kui Ren

Large language models (LLMs) have been increasingly applied to various domains, which triggers increasing concerns about LLMs' safety on specialized domains, e.g. medicine. Despite prior explorations on general jailbreaking attacks, there…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Shangqing Tu , Zhuoran Pan , Wenxuan Wang , Zhexin Zhang , Yuliang Sun , Jifan Yu , Hongning Wang , Lei Hou , Juanzi Li

While significant attention has been dedicated to exploiting weaknesses in LLMs through jailbreaking attacks, there remains a paucity of effort in defending against these attacks. We point out a pivotal factor contributing to the success of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Zhexin Zhang , Junxiao Yang , Pei Ke , Fei Mi , Hongning Wang , Minlie Huang
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