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Recent agentic-robotics systems, from Code-asPolicies to modern vision-language-action (VLA) foundation models, presuppose that drivers, SDKs, or ROS-style primitives for the target hardware already exist. Writing those primitives is the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Quilee Simeon , Justin M. Wei , Yile Fan

The development of large language models (LLMs) has entered in a experience-driven era, flagged by the emergence of environment feedback-driven learning via reinforcement learning and tool-using agents. This encourages the emergenece of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Junfeng Fang , Zijun Yao , Ruipeng Wang , Haokai Ma , Xiang Wang , Tat-Seng Chua

In this work, we study security of Model Context Protocol (MCP) agent toolchains and their applications in smart homes. We introduce AegisMCP, a protocol-level intrusion detector. Our contributions are: (i) a minimal attack suite spanning…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Zhonghao Zhan , Amir Al Sadi , Krinos Li , Hamed Haddadi

AI agents increasingly call tools via the Model Context Protocol (MCP) and delegate to other agents via Agent-to-Agent (A2A), yet neither protocol verifies agent identity. A scan of approximately 2,000 MCP servers found all lacked…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Sunil Prakash

Current AI agents create significant barriers for users by requiring extensive processing to understand web pages, making AI-assisted web interaction slow and expensive. This paper introduces webMCP (Web Machine Context & Procedure), a…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-14 D. Perera

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has rapidly emerged as a universal standard for connecting AI assistants to external tools and data sources. While MCP simplifies integration between AI applications and various services, it introduces…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Charoes Huang , Xin Huang , Ngoc Phu Tran , Amin Milani Fard

Personal AI agents like OpenClaw run with elevated privileges on users' local machines, where a single successful prompt injection can leak credentials, redirect financial transactions, or destroy files. This threat goes well beyond…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Bowen Wei , Yunbei Zhang , Jinhao Pan , Kai Mei , Xiao Wang , Jihun Hamm , Ziwei Zhu , Yingqiang Ge

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is rapidly emerging as a pivotal open standard, designed to enhance agent-tool integration and interoperability, and is positioned to unlock a new era of powerful, interconnected, and genuinely utilitarian…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Zikang Guo , Benfeng Xu , Chiwei Zhu , Wentao Hong , Xiaorui Wang , Zhendong Mao

Agentic AI systems automate enterprise workflows but existing defenses--guardrails, semantic filters--are probabilistic and routinely bypassed. We introduce authenticated workflows, the first complete trust layer for enterprise agentic AI.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Mohan Rajagopalan , Vinay Rao

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a standard for connecting large language models (LLMs) with external tools. However, this MCP ecosystem introduces new security risks across hosts, servers, and registries. In this paper, we…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Xiaofan Li , Xing Gao

AI agents dynamically acquire tools, orchestrate sub-agents, and transact across organizational boundaries, yet no existing security layer verifies what an agent can do, whether it executed what it claims, or what happened in a multi-agent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Ziling Zhou

Generative AI is reshaping offensive cybersecurity by enabling autonomous red team agents that can plan, execute, and adapt during penetration tests. However, existing approaches face trade-offs between generality and specialization, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Strahinja Janjusevic , Anna Baron Garcia , Sohrob Kazerounian

Large language models (LLMs) are evolving into agentic systems that reason, plan, and operate external tools. The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is a key enabler of this transition, offering a standardized interface for connecting LLMs with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Xuanjun Zong , Zhiqi Shen , Lei Wang , Yunshi Lan , Chao Yang

LLMs' capabilities are enhanced by using function calls to integrate various data sources or API results into the context window. Typical tools include search, web crawlers, maps, financial data, file systems, and browser usage, etc.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Shiqing Fan , Xichen Ding , Liang Zhang , Linjian Mo

AI agents increasingly act through external tools: they query databases, execute shell commands, read and write files, and send network requests. Yet in most current agent stacks, model-generated tool calls are handed to the execution layer…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Aojie Yuan , Zhiyuan Su , Yue Zhao

To standardize interactions between LLM-based agents and their environments, the Model Context Protocol (MCP) was proposed and has since been widely adopted. However, integrating external tools expands the attack surface, exposing agents to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Ruiqi Li , Zhiqiang Wang , Yunhao Yao , Xiang-Yang Li

Large language models(LLMs) are increasingly integrated with external systems through the Model Context Protocol(MCP),which standardizes tool invocation and has rapidly become a backbone for LLM-powered applications. While this paradigm…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Shuli Zhao , Qinsheng Hou , Zihan Zhan , Yanhao Wang , Yuchong Xie , Yu Guo , Libo Chen , Shenghong Li , Zhi Xue

Although Foundation Models (FMs), such as GPT-4, are increasingly used in domains like finance and software engineering, reliance on textual interfaces limits these models' real-world interaction. To address this, FM providers introduced a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Mohammed Mehedi Hasan , Hao Li , Emad Fallahzadeh , Gopi Krishnan Rajbahadur , Bram Adams , Ahmed E. Hassan

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a standardized interface enabling seamless integration between Large Language Models (LLMs) and external data sources and tools. While MCP significantly reduces development complexity and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Bin Wang , Zexin Liu , Hao Yu , Ao Yang , Yenan Huang , Jing Guo , Huangsheng Cheng , Hui Li , Huiyu Wu

Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a standard interface for connecting LLM agents to external tools. Because MCP servers expose privileged operations such as shell execution, network access, and file-system manipulation to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Pengyu Sun , Qishu Jin , Enhao Huang , Zifeng Kang , Xin Liu , Dakun Shen , Song Li