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Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant progress in assisting users to query databases in natural language. While LLM-based techniques provide state-of-the-art results on many standard benchmarks, their performance significantly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Nina Narodytska , Shay Vargaftik

Application systems using natural language interfaces to databases (NLIDBs) have democratized data analysis. This positive development has also brought forth an urgent challenge to help users who might use these systems without a background…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Shubham Mohole , Sainyam Galhotra

The natural language to SQL (NL2SQL) task plays a pivotal role in democratizing data access by enabling non-expert users to interact with relational databases through intuitive language. While recent frameworks have enhanced translation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-20 David Onyango , Naseef Mansoor

NL2SQL approaches have greatly benefited from the impressive capabilities of large language models (LLMs). In particular, bootstrapping an NL2SQL system for a specific domain can be as simple as instructing an LLM with sufficient contextual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Sairam Gurajada , Eser Kandogan , Sajjadur Rahman

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have significantly improved Natural Language to SQL (NL2SQL) tasks, yet most NL2SQL systems continue to rely on the autoregressive (AR) paradigm. The highly structured nature of SQL makes…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Peixian Ma , Xialie Zhuang , Jiantao Tan , Changlun Li , Ruirui Chen , Chengwei Qin

Text-to-SQL prompt strategies based on Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve remarkable performance on well-known benchmarks. However, when applied to real-world databases, their performance is significantly less than for these benchmarks,…

Querying structured databases with natural language (NL2SQL) has remained a difficult problem for years. Recently, the advancement of machine learning (ML), natural language processing (NLP), and large language models (LLM) have led to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Zheng Ning , Yuan Tian , Zheng Zhang , Tianyi Zhang , Toby Li

Despite the success of large language models (LLMs) in Text-to-SQL tasks, open-source LLMs encounter challenges in contextual understanding and response coherence. To tackle these issues, we present \ours, a systematic methodology tailored…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Xiaojun Chen , Tianle Wang , Tianhao Qiu , Jianbin Qin , Min Yang

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved strong performance on natural language to SQL (NL2SQL) benchmarks, yet their reported accuracy may be inflated by contamination from benchmark queries or structurally similar patterns seen during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Mohammadtaher Safarzadeh , Hitesh Laxmichand Patel , Afshin Orojlooyjadid , Graham Horwood , Dan Roth

Text-to-SQL bridges the gap between natural language and structured database language, thus allowing non-technical users to easily query databases. Traditional approaches model text-to-SQL as a direct translation task, where a given Natural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Anurag Tripathi , Vaibhav Patle , Abhinav Jain , Ayush Pundir , Sairam Menon , Ajeet Kumar Singh , Dorien Herremans

The Natural Language to SQL (NL2SQL) technique is used to convert natural language queries into executable SQL statements. Typically, slot-filling is employed as a classification method for multi-task cases to achieve this goal. However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Chenduo Hao , Xu Zhang

Text-to-SQL systems translate natural language (NL) questions into SQL queries, enabling non-technical users to interact with structured data. While large language models (LLMs) have shown promising results on the text-to-SQL task, they…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Yue Gong , Chuan Lei , Xiao Qin , Kapil Vaidya , Balakrishnan Narayanaswamy , Tim Kraska

The rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has significantly advanced Text-to-SQL (NL2SQL) systems, yet evaluating the semantic equivalence of generated SQL remains a challenge, especially given ambiguous user queries and multiple valid SQL…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Qingyun Zeng , Simin Ma , Arash Niknafs , Ashish Basran , Carol Szabo

Large language models (LLMs) becomes the dominant paradigm for the challenging task of text-to-SQL. LLM-empowered text-to-SQL methods are typically categorized into prompting-based and tuning approaches. Compared to prompting-based methods,…

Natural Language to SQL (NL2SQL) provides a new model-centric paradigm that simplifies database access for non-technical users by converting natural language queries into SQL commands. Recent advancements, particularly those integrating…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Jian Chen , Zhenyan Chen , Xuming Hu , Peilin Zhou , Yining Hua , Han Fang , Cissy Hing Yee Choy , Xinmei Ke , Jingfeng Luo , Zixuan Yuan

The Natural Language to SQL (NL2SQL) technology provides non-expert users who are unfamiliar with databases the opportunity to use SQL for data analysis.Converting Natural Language to Business Intelligence (NL2BI) is a popular practical…

Databases · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Jinqing Lian , Xinyi Liu , Yingxia Shao , Yang Dong , Ming Wang , Zhang Wei , Tianqi Wan , Ming Dong , Hailin Yan

Small Language Models (SLMs) offer computational efficiency and accessibility, yet a systematic evaluation of their performance and environmental impact remains lacking. We introduce SLM-Bench, the first benchmark specifically designed to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Nghiem Thanh Pham , Tung Kieu , Duc-Manh Nguyen , Son Ha Xuan , Nghia Duong-Trung , Danh Le-Phuoc

The rapid proliferation of benchmarks for evaluating large language models (LLMs) has created an urgent need for systematic methods to assess benchmark quality itself. We propose Benchmark^2, a comprehensive framework comprising three…

Robustness evaluation for Natural Language to SQL (NL2SQL) systems is essential because real-world database environments are dynamic, noisy, and continuously evolving, whereas conventional benchmark evaluations typically assume static…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Lifu Tu , Rongguang Wang , Tao Sheng , Sujjith Ravi , Dan Roth

Natural Language Interfaces for Databases (NLIDBs) aim to make database querying accessible by allowing users to ask questions in everyday language rather than using formal SQL queries. Despite significant advancements in translation…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Panos Ipeirotis , Haotian Zheng