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Measuring similarity of neural networks to understand and improve their behavior has become an issue of great importance and research interest. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive overview of two complementary perspectives of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Max Klabunde , Tobias Schumacher , Markus Strohmaier , Florian Lemmerich

Deep neural networks, particularly those employing Rectified Linear Units (ReLU), are often perceived as complex, high-dimensional, non-linear systems. This complexity poses a significant challenge to understanding their internal learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Longqing Ye

Deep neural networks have achieved impressive performance on a variety of tasks, but their brittleness to distributional shifts remains a significant barrier to real-world deployment. In this paper, we propose a framework to analyse and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Divij Khaitan , Subhashis Banerjee

The training process of neural networks usually optimize weights and bias parameters of linear transformations, while nonlinear activation functions are pre-specified and fixed. This work develops a systematic approach to constructing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Zhengqi Liu , Shuhao Cao , Yuwen Li , Ludmil Zikatanov

In neural network compression, most current methods reduce unnecessary parameters by measuring importance and redundancy. To augment already highly optimized existing solutions, we propose linearity-based compression as a novel way to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Silas Dobler , Florian Lemmerich

Activation-alignment measures such as Representational Similarity Analysis (RSA), Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA), and Centered Kernel Alignment (CKA) are widely used to compare biological and artificial neural representations. Recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Amirhossein Yavari , Farnaz Zamani Esfahlani

We draw connections between simple neural networks and under-determined linear systems to comprehensively explore several interesting theoretical questions in the study of neural networks. First, we emphatically show that it is unsurprising…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-11-02 Austin R. Benson , Anil Damle , Alex Townsend

Neuroscience theory posits that the brain's visual system coarsely identifies broad object categories via neural activation patterns, with similar objects producing similar neural responses. Artificial neural networks also have internal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-11-28 Nathaniel Blanchard , Jeffery Kinnison , Brandon RichardWebster , Pouya Bashivan , Walter J. Scheirer

While metric and similarity learning has been extensively studied from several theoretical perspectives, a rigorous understanding of its generalization performance is still lacking. In this paper, we investigate the generalization behavior…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-19 Junyu Zhou , Puyu Wang , Ding-Xuan Zhou

The input space of a neural network with ReLU-like activations is partitioned into multiple linear regions, each corresponding to a specific activation pattern of the included ReLU-like activations. We demonstrate that this partition…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-15 Fengxiang He , Shiye Lei , Jianmin Ji , Dacheng Tao

Two networks are equivalent if they produce the same output for any given input. In this paper, we study the possibility of transforming a deep neural network to another network with a different number of units or layers, which can be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-29 Abhinav Kumar , Thiago Serra , Srikumar Ramalingam

Partial synchronization plays a crucial role in the functioning of neuronal networks: selective, coordinated activation of neurons enables information processing that flexibly adapts to a changing computational context. Since the structure…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2025-06-17 Daniil Radushev , Olesia Dogonasheva , Boris Gutkin , Denis Zakharov

An interesting approach to analyzing neural networks that has received renewed attention is to examine the equivalent kernel of the neural network. This is based on the fact that a fully connected feedforward network with one hidden layer,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-06-04 Russell Tsuchida , Farbod Roosta-Khorasani , Marcus Gallagher

The extent to which different neural or artificial neural networks (models) rely on equivalent representations to support similar tasks remains a central question in neuroscience and machine learning. Prior work has typically compared…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2026-04-06 Jialin Wu , Shreya Saha , Yiqing Bo , Meenakshi Khosla

Recent studies have shown that the choice of activation function can significantly affect the performance of deep learning networks. However, the benefits of novel activation functions have been inconsistent and task dependent, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Garrett Bingham , Risto Miikkulainen

We define the local complexity of a neural network with continuous piecewise linear activations as a measure of the density of linear regions over an input data distribution. We show theoretically that ReLU networks that learn…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Niket Patel , Guido Montufar

Understanding the operation of biological and artificial networks remains a difficult and important challenge. To identify general principles, researchers are increasingly interested in surveying large collections of networks that are…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-01-14 Alex H. Williams , Erin Kunz , Simon Kornblith , Scott W. Linderman

In this article we present new results on neural networks with linear threshold activation functions. We precisely characterize the class of functions that are representable by such neural networks and show that 2 hidden layers are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Sammy Khalife , Hongyu Cheng , Amitabh Basu

Deep learning models for human activity recognition (HAR) based on sensor data have been heavily studied recently. However, the generalization ability of deep models on complex real-world HAR data is limited by the availability of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-30 Chenglin Li , Carrie Lu Tong , Di Niu , Bei Jiang , Xiao Zuo , Lei Cheng , Jian Xiong , Jianming Yang

Recently, deep learning has been widely applied in functional data analysis (FDA) with notable empirical success. However, the infinite dimensionality of functional data necessitates an effective dimension reduction approach for functional…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-05-13 Zhongjie Shi , Jun Fan , Linhao Song , Ding-Xuan Zhou , Johan A. K. Suykens
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