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While large language models (LLMs) augmented with agentic search capabilities show promise for legal reasoning, they overlook a fundamental constraint that applicable law must match the temporal context of each case, as retroactive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Wei Fan , Yining Zhou , Mufan Zhang , Yanbing Weng , Yiran HU , Tianshi Zheng , Baixuan Xu , Chunyang Li , Jianhui Yang , Haoran Li , Yangqiu Song

Knowledge and language understanding of models evaluated through question answering (QA) has been usually studied on static snapshots of knowledge, like Wikipedia. However, our world is dynamic, evolves over time, and our models' knowledge…

Multi-hop question answering (QA) requires systems to iteratively retrieve evidence and reason across multiple hops. While recent RAG and agentic methods report strong results, the underlying retrieval--reasoning \emph{process} is often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Yuelyu Ji , Zhuochun Li , Rui Meng , Daqing He

Recent advancements in video-language understanding have been established on the foundation of image-text models, resulting in promising outcomes due to the shared knowledge between images and videos. However, video-language understanding…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Xiao Wang , Yaoyu Li , Tian Gan , Zheng Zhang , Jingjing Lv , Liqiang Nie

Temporal reasoning is pivotal for Large Language Models (LLMs) to comprehend the real world. However, existing works neglect the real-world challenges for temporal reasoning: (1) intensive temporal information, (2) fast-changing event…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Shaohang Wei , Wei Li , Feifan Song , Wen Luo , Tianyi Zhuang , Haochen Tan , Zhijiang Guo , Houfeng Wang

LLM agents are rapidly evolving from coding assistants into autonomous software engineering systems. However, existing evaluation methodologies remain largely centered on static, isolated, and short-horizon benchmarks that fail to capture…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yipeng Ouyang , Xin Huang , Bingjie Liu , Zhongchun Zheng , Yuhao Gu , Xianwei Zhang

We introduce ChronoQA, a large-scale benchmark dataset for Chinese question answering, specifically designed to evaluate temporal reasoning in Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems. ChronoQA is constructed from over 300,000 news…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Ziyang Chen , Erxue Min , Xiang Zhao , Yunxin Li , Xin Jia , Jinzhi Liao , Jichao Li , Shuaiqiang Wang , Baotian Hu , Dawei Yin

Time plays a critical role in how information is generated, retrieved, and interpreted. In this survey, we provide a comprehensive overview of Temporal Question Answering (TQA), a research area that focuses on answering questions involving…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Bhawna Piryani , Abdelrahman Abdallah , Jamshid Mozafari , Avishek Anand , Adam Jatowt

The rise of powerful multimodal LLMs has enhanced the viability of building web agents which can, with increasing levels of autonomy, assist users to retrieve information and complete tasks on various human-computer interfaces. It is hence…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Maria Wang , Srinivas Sunkara , Gilles Baechler , Jason Lin , Yun Zhu , Fedir Zubach , Lei Shu , Jindong Chen

Large language models (LLMs) excel at natural language tasks but are limited by their static parametric knowledge, especially in knowledge-intensive task. Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) mitigates this by integrating external…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Yi Jiang , Lei Shen , Lujie Niu , Sendong Zhao , Wenbo Su , Bo Zheng

Large language models (LLMs) deployed in real-world agentic applications must be capable of replanning and adapting when mid-task disruptions invalidate their prior decisions. Existing dynamic benchmarks primarily measure whether LLMs can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Tingfeng Hui , Hao Xu , Pengyu Zhu , Hongsheng Xin , Kun Zhan , Sen Su , Chunxiao Liu , Ning Miao

Adaptive retrieval-augmented generation (ARAG) aims to dynamically determine the necessity of retrieval for queries instead of retrieving indiscriminately to enhance the efficiency and relevance of the sourced information. However, previous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Zihan Zhang , Meng Fang , Ling Chen

Large language models (LLMs) can face factual limitations when responding to time-sensitive queries about recent events that arise after their knowledge thresholds in the training corpus. Existing search-augmented approaches fall into two…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Wentao Shi , Yiqing Shen

Information retrieval (IR) or knowledge retrieval, is a critical component for many down-stream tasks such as open-domain question answering (QA). It is also very challenging, as it requires succinctness, completeness, and correctness. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Xiaodong Yu , Ben Zhou , Dan Roth

Language agents, built on top of language models (LMs), are systems that can interact with complex environments, such as the open web. In this work, we examine whether such agents can perform realistic and time-consuming tasks on the web,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Ori Yoran , Samuel Joseph Amouyal , Chaitanya Malaviya , Ben Bogin , Ofir Press , Jonathan Berant

We present a new benchmark for evaluating Deep Search--a realistic and complex form of retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) that requires source-aware, multi-hop reasoning over diverse, sparsed, but related sources. These include documents,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Prafulla Kumar Choubey , Xiangyu Peng , Shilpa Bhagavath , Kung-Hsiang Huang , Caiming Xiong , Chien-Sheng Wu

Question answering (QA) can only make progress if we know if an answer is correct, but current answer correctness (AC) metrics struggle with verbose, free-form answers from large language models (LLMs). There are two challenges with current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Zongxia Li , Ishani Mondal , Yijun Liang , Huy Nghiem , Jordan Lee Boyd-Graber

Properly modelling dynamic information that changes over time still is an open issue. Most modern knowledge bases are unable to represent relationships that are valid only during a given time interval. In this work, we revisit a previous…

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have accelerated AI-assisted software development, yet practical deployment remains constrained by incomplete implementations, weak modularization, and inconsistent security practices. We…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Yen-Ku Liu , Yun-Cheng Tsai

The evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) into autonomous agents necessitates the management of extensive, dynamic contexts. Current benchmarks, however, remain largely static, relying on passive retrieval tasks that fail to simulate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Shicheng Fang , Yuxin Wang , Xiaoran Liu , Jiahao Lu , Chuanyuan Tan , Xinchi Chen , Yining Zheng , Xuanjing Huang , Xipeng Qiu