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Despite the rapid expansion of Large Language Models (LLMs) in healthcare, robust and explainable evaluation of their ability to assess clinical trial reporting according to CONSORT standards remains an open challenge. In particular,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Sohyeon Jeon , Hyung-Chul Lee

In several papers published in Biological Cybernetics in the 1980s and 1990s, Kawato and colleagues proposed computational models explaining how internal models are acquired in the cerebellum. These models were later supported by…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-12-22 Mitsuo Kawato , Aurelio Cortese

Clinical personality assessment screens response validity before interpreting substantive scales. LLM evaluation does not. We apply the validity scaling framework from the PAI and MMPI-3 to metacognitive probe data from 20 frontier models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Jon-Paul Cacioli

Frontier language models sometimes recognize that they are being evaluated and adjust their behavior, undermining validity of benchmark results. Yet the field studies it without a shared foundation, conflating properties of the evaluation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Changling Li , Terry Jingchen Zhang , Jie Zhang , Zhijing Jin , Sahar Abdelnabi , Maksym Andriushchenko

In settings where human decision-making relies on AI input, both the predictive accuracy of the AI system and the reliability of its confidence estimates influence decision quality. We highlight the role of AI metacognitive sensitivity --…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-15 ZhaoBin Li , Mark Steyvers

Large language models can generate fluent explanations, but effective tutoring requires supporting the learner's thought process, not just delivering content. Metacognitive tutoring targets this gap by prompting planning, monitoring,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Naiming Liu , Richard Baraniuk , Shashank Sonkar

Self-recognition is a crucial metacognitive capability for AI systems, relevant not only for psychological analysis but also for safety, particularly in evaluative scenarios. Motivated by contradictory interpretations of whether models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Xiaoyan Bai , Aryan Shrivastava , Ari Holtzman , Chenhao Tan

Large reasoning models excel in domains like mathematics where intermediate reasoning is straightforward to verify, but struggle to self-correct in medicine fields where evaluating intermediate reasoning is cumbersome and expensive. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Zongxian Yang , Jiayu Qian , Zegao Peng , Haoyu Zhang , Yu-An Huang , KC Tan , Zhi-An Huang

AI models are increasingly prevalent in high-stakes environments, necessitating thorough assessment of their capabilities and risks. Benchmarks are popular for measuring these attributes and for comparing model performance, tracking…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Anka Reuel , Amelia Hardy , Chandler Smith , Max Lamparth , Malcolm Hardy , Mykel J. Kochenderfer

Demand for mental health support through AI chatbots is surging, though current systems present several limitations, like sycophancy or overvalidation, and reinforcement of maladaptive beliefs. A core obstacle to the creation of better…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-08 José Pombal , Maya D'Eon , Nuno M. Guerreiro , Pedro Henrique Martins , António Farinhas , Ricardo Rei

Recent progress in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has demonstrated remarkable advances in perception and reasoning, suggesting their potential for embodied intelligence. While recent studies have evaluated embodied MLLMs in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Shengyu Guo , Tongrui Ye , Jianbo Zhang , Zicheng Zhang , Chunyi Li , Guangtao Zhai

Large language models (LLMs) have shown increasing capability in problem-solving and decision-making, largely based on the step-by-step chain-of-thought reasoning processes. However, evaluating these reasoning abilities has become…

Evaluating AI-generated reviews by verdict agreement is widely recognized as insufficient, yet current alternatives rarely audit which concerns a system identifies, how it prioritizes them, or whether those priorities align with the review…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Ming Jin

This study investigates the metacognitive capabilities of Large Language Models relative to human metacognition in the context of the International Coaching Federation ICF mimicking exam, a situational judgment test related to coaching…

Large Language Models have demonstrated strong performance on many established reasoning benchmarks. However, these benchmarks primarily evaluate structured skills like quantitative problem-solving, leaving a gap in assessing flexible,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Deepon Halder , Alan Saji , Thanmay Jayakumar , Ratish Puduppully , Anoop Kunchukuttan , Raj Dabre

We present an experimental methodology for investigating how large language models (LLMs) respond to descriptions of their own internal processing patterns. Using a paired-choice paradigm, we tested 12 LLMs on their ability to identify…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Annika Hedberg

As reasoning models scale rapidly, the essential role of multimodality in human cognition has come into sharp relief, driving a growing need to probe vision-centric cognitive behaviors. Yet, existing multimodal benchmarks either…

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate strong reasoning performance, yet their ability to reliably monitor, diagnose, and correct their own errors remains limited. We introduce a psychologically grounded metacognitive framework that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Abraham Paul Elenjical , Vivek Hruday Kavuri , Vasudeva Varma

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has demonstrated significant capabilities in various fields, and in areas such as human-computer interaction (HCI), embodied intelligence, and the design and animation of virtual digital humans, both…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Yingjie Zhou , Zicheng Zhang , Jiezhang Cao , Jun Jia , Yanwei Jiang , Farong Wen , Xiaohong Liu , Xiongkuo Min , Guangtao Zhai

Metacognition is the concept of reasoning about an agent's own internal processes, and it has recently received renewed attention with respect to artificial intelligence (AI) and, more specifically, machine learning systems. This paper…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Paulo Shakarian , Gerardo I. Simari , Nathaniel D. Bastian