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As frontier Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly saturate new benchmarks shortly after they are published, benchmarking itself is at a juncture: if frontier models keep improving, it will become increasingly hard for humans to generate…

Multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are expected to jointly interpret vision, audio, and language, yet existing video benchmarks rarely assess fine-grained reasoning about human speech. Many tasks remain visually solvable or only…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Le Thien Phuc Nguyen , Zhuoran Yu , Samuel Low Yu Hang , Subin An , Jeongik Lee , Yohan Ban , SeungEun Chung , Thanh-Huy Nguyen , JuWan Maeng , Soochahn Lee , Yong Jae Lee

Quantitative backtesting is essential for evaluating trading strategies but remains hampered by high technical barriers and limited scalability. While Large Language Models (LLMs) offer a transformative path to automate this complex,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Zhensheng Wang , Wenmian Yang , Qingtai Wu , Lequan Ma , Yiquan Zhang , Weijia Jia

The pursuit of leaderboard rankings in Large Language Models (LLMs) has created a fundamental paradox: models excel at standardized tests while failing to demonstrate genuine language understanding and adaptability. Our systematic analysis…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Sourav Banerjee , Ayushi Agarwal , Eishkaran Singh

Evaluation benchmarks are the cornerstone of measuring capabilities of large language models (LLMs), as well as driving progress in said capabilities. Originally designed to make claims about capabilities (or lack thereof) in fully…

Vision-language models (VLMs) are increasingly proposed as general-purpose tools for scientific data interpretation, yet their reliability on real astronomical observations across diverse modalities remains untested. We present…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Wenke Ren , Hengxiao Guo , Wenwen Zuo , Xiaoman Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have been proposed as alternatives to human experts for estimating unknown quantities with associated uncertainty, a process known as Bayesian elicitation. We test this by asking eleven LLMs to estimate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Luka Hobor , Mario Brcic , Mihael Kovac , Kristijan Poje

We introduce CompareBench, a benchmark for evaluating visual comparison reasoning in vision-language models (VLMs), a fundamental yet understudied skill. CompareBench consists of 1000 QA pairs across four tasks: quantity (600), temporal…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Jie Cai , Kangning Yang , Lan Fu , Jiaming Ding , Jinlong Li , Huiming Sun , Daitao Xing , Jinglin Shen , Zibo Meng

The rapid evolution of Multi-modality Large Language Models (MLLMs) is driving significant advancements in visual understanding and generation. Nevertheless, a comprehensive assessment of their capabilities, concerning the fine-grained…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Xiaorong Zhu , Ziheng Jia , Jiarui Wang , Xiangyu Zhao , Haodong Duan , Xiongkuo Min , Jia Wang , Zicheng Zhang , Guangtao Zhai

A rich set of frequentist model averaging methods has been developed, but their applications have largely been limited to point prediction, as measuring prediction uncertainty in general settings remains an open problem. In this paper we…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-10-21 Zhongjun Qu , Wendun Wang , Xiaomeng Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable breadth of knowledge, yet their ability to reason about computational processes remains poorly understood. Closing this gap matters for practitioners who rely on LLMs to guide algorithm…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Sohan Venkatesh , Ashish Mahendran Kurapath , Tejas Melkote

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) are propelling us toward artificial general intelligence with their remarkable emergent abilities and reasoning capabilities. However, the substantial computational and memory requirements…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Ruihao Gong , Yang Yong , Shiqiao Gu , Yushi Huang , Chengtao Lv , Yunchen Zhang , Xianglong Liu , Dacheng Tao

Language models (LMs) are statistical models trained to assign probability to human-generated text. As such, it is reasonable to question whether they approximate linguistic variability exhibited by humans well. This form of statistical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Evgenia Ilia , Wilker Aziz

A series of influential studies established that large language models cannot reliably solve even simple planning tasks. We show that the latest generation of frontier models overturns this conclusion. We evaluate three families of frontier…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Augusto B. Corrêa , André G. Pereira , Jendrik Seipp

Large language models (LLMs) inherently operate over a large generation space, yet conventional usage typically reports the most likely generation (MLG) as a point prediction, which underestimates the model's capability: although the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Ye Li , Anqi Hu , Yuanchang Ye , Shiyan Tong , Zhiyuan Wang , Bo Fu

The rapid evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has driven major gains in reasoning, perception, and generation across language and vision, yet whether these advances translate into…

Large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in transforming machine learning research, yet their capability to faithfully implement novel ideas from recent research papers-ideas unseen during pretraining-remains unclear. We introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Tianyu Hua , Harper Hua , Violet Xiang , Benjamin Klieger , Sang T. Truong , Weixin Liang , Fan-Yun Sun , Nick Haber

We introduce CFE-Bench (Classroom Final Exam), a multimodal benchmark for evaluating the reasoning capabilities of large language models across more than 20 STEM domains. CFE-Bench is curated from repeatedly used, authentic university…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Chongyang Gao , Diji Yang , Shuyan Zhou , Xichen Yan , Luchuan Song , Shuo Li , Kezhen Chen

The recent performance leap of Large Language Models (LLMs) opens up new opportunities across numerous industrial applications and domains. However, erroneous generations, such as false predictions, misinformation, and hallucination made by…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Yuheng Huang , Jiayang Song , Zhijie Wang , Shengming Zhao , Huaming Chen , Felix Juefei-Xu , Lei Ma

Even though large language models are becoming increasingly capable, it is still unreasonable to expect them to excel at tasks that are under-represented on the Internet. Leveraging LLMs for specialized applications, particularly in niche…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Brendan R. Hogan , Will Brown , Adel Boyarsky , Anderson Schneider , Yuriy Nevmyvaka