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Modern LLM agents combine long-term memory for personalization with tool-calling interfaces for taking actions in the world -- a combination underpinning contemporary production systems. We study a previously unexamined failure of this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Mahavir Dabas , Jihyun Jeong , Ming Jin , Ruoxi Jia

Memory systems address the challenge of context loss in Large Language Model during prolonged interactions. However, compared to human cognition, the efficacy of these systems in processing emotion-related information remains inconclusive.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Peng Liu , Zhen Tao , Jihao Zhao , Ding Chen , Yansong Zhang , Cuiping Li , Zhiyu Li , Hong Chen

For LLM agents, memory management critically impacts efficiency, quality, and security. While much research focuses on retention, selective forgetting--inspired by human cognitive processes (hippocampal indexing/consolidation theory and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Yingjie Gu , Wenjian Xiong , Liqiang Wang , Pengcheng Ren , Chao Li , Xiaojing Zhang , Yijuan Guo , Qi Sun , Jingyao Ma , Shidang Shi

Memory-augmented LLM agents offer an appealing shortcut to continual learning: rather than updating model parameters, they accumulate experience in external memory, seemingly sidestepping the stability-plasticity dilemma of parametric…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Qisheng Hu , Quanyu Long , Wenya Wang

Humans are prone to cognitive distortions -- biased thinking patterns that lead to exaggerated responses to specific stimuli, albeit in very different contexts. This paper demonstrates that advanced Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Xirui Li , Hengguang Zhou , Ruochen Wang , Tianyi Zhou , Minhao Cheng , Cho-Jui Hsieh

Although LLM agents can leverage tools for complex tasks, they still need memory to maintain cross-turn consistency and accumulate reusable information in long-horizon interactions. However, retrieval-based external memory systems incur low…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Jiaquan Zhang , Chaoning Zhang , Shuxu Chen , Zhenzhen Huang , Pengcheng Zheng , Zhicheng Wang , Ping Guo , Fan Mo , Sung-Ho Bae , Jie Zou , Jiwei Wei , Yang Yang

As large language models (LLMs) evolve from conversational assistants into autonomous agents, evaluating the safety of their actions becomes critical. Prior safety benchmarks have primarily focused on preventing generation of harmful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Adi Simhi , Jonathan Herzig , Martin Tutek , Itay Itzhak , Idan Szpektor , Yonatan Belinkov

Procedural memory enables large language model (LLM) agents to internalize "how-to" knowledge, theoretically reducing redundant trial-and-error. However, existing frameworks predominantly suffer from a "passive accumulation" paradigm,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Zouying Cao , Jiaji Deng , Li Yu , Weikang Zhou , Zhaoyang Liu , Bolin Ding , Hai Zhao

Large Language Model-based agents(LLM-based agents) are increasingly deployed in customer service, yet they often forget across sessions, repeat errors, and lack mechanisms for continual self-improvement. This makes them unreliable in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Yizhe Huang , Yang Liu , Ruiyu Zhao , Xiaolong Zhong , Xingming Yue , Ling Jiang

Jailbreak attacks on large language models (LLMs) aim to induce LLMs to produce content that they are expected to refuse. Automated black-box jailbreak generation is especially important for safety evaluation, where the attacker observes…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Junke Zhang , Jianwei Wang , Sishuo Chen , Yizhang He , Qingshuai Feng , Zhengyi Yang

The recent development and success of Large Language Models (LLMs) necessitate an evaluation of their performance across diverse NLP tasks in different languages. Although several frameworks have been developed and made publicly available,…

Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are increasingly deployed in interactive applications. However, their safety vulnerabilities become pronounced in multi-turn multi-modal scenarios, where harmful intent can be gradually…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Han Zhu , Jiale Chen , Chengkun Cai , Shengjie Sun , Haoran Li , Yujin Zhou , Chi-Min Chan , Pengcheng Wen , Lei Li , Sirui Han , Yike Guo

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as agents that operate in real-world environments, introducing safety risks beyond linguistic harm. Existing agent safety evaluations rely on risk-oriented tasks tailored to specific…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Jingnan Zheng , Yanzhen Luo , Jingjun Xu , Bingnan Liu , Yuxin Chen , Chenhang Cui , Gelei Deng , Chaochao Lu , Xiang Wang , An Zhang , Tat-Seng Chua

Personalized agents that interact with users over long periods must maintain persistent memory across sessions and update it as circumstances change. However, existing benchmarks predominantly frame long-term memory evaluation as fact…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Md Nayem Uddin , Kumar Shubham , Eduardo Blanco , Chitta Baral , Gengyu Wang

Memory embeddings are crucial for memory-augmented systems, such as OpenClaw, but their evaluation is underexplored in current text embedding benchmarks, which narrowly focus on traditional passage retrieval and fail to assess models'…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Xinping Zhao , Xinshuo Hu , Jiaxin Xu , Danyu Tang , Xin Zhang , Mengjia Zhou , Yan Zhong , Yao Zhou , Zifei Shan , Meishan Zhang , Baotian Hu , Min Zhang

Planning has been a cornerstone of artificial intelligence for solving complex problems, and recent progress in LLM-based multi-agent frameworks have begun to extend this capability. However, the role of human-like memory within these…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Wenzhe Fan , Ning Yan , Masood Mortazavi

LLM-based agents increasingly operate in persistent environments where they must store, update, and reason over information across many sessions. While prior benchmarks evaluate only single-entity updates, MEME defines six tasks spanning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Seokwon Jung , Alexander Rubinstein , Arnas Uselis , Sangdoo Yun , Seong Joon Oh

Large language models face challenges in long-context question answering, where key evidence of a query may be dispersed across millions of tokens. Existing works equip large language models with a memory buffer that is dynamically updated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yaorui Shi , Yuxin Chen , Siyuan Wang , Sihang Li , Hengxing Cai , Qi Gu , Xiang Wang , An Zhang

Self-evolving memory serves as the trainable parameters for Large Language Models (LLMs)-based agents, where extraction (distilling insights from experience) and management (updating the memory bank) must be tightly coordinated. Existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Yongshi Ye , Hui Jiang , Feihu Jiang , Tian Lan , Yichao Du , Biao Fu , Xiaodong Shi , Qianghuai Jia , Longyue Wang , Weihua Luo

Large language model (LLM) simulations of human behavior have the potential to revolutionize the social and behavioral sciences, if and only if they faithfully reflect real human behaviors. Current evaluations of simulation fidelity are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Tiancheng Hu , Joachim Baumann , Lorenzo Lupo , Nigel Collier , Dirk Hovy , Paul Röttger