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The rapid progress of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) has unlocked the potential for enhanced 3D scene understanding and spatial reasoning. A recent line of work explores learning spatial reasoning directly from multi-view images,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Kanghee Lee , Injae Lee , Minseok Kwak , Jungi Hong , Kwonyoung Ryu , Jaesik Park

Spatial reasoning is a fundamental aspect of human cognition, enabling intuitive understanding and manipulation of objects in three-dimensional space. While foundation models demonstrate remarkable performance on some benchmarks, they still…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Fan-Yun Sun , Weiyu Liu , Siyi Gu , Dylan Lim , Goutam Bhat , Federico Tombari , Manling Li , Nick Haber , Jiajun Wu

Spatial reasoning is a core aspect of human intelligence that allows perception, inference and planning in 3D environments. However, current vision-language models (VLMs) struggle to maintain geometric coherence and cross-view consistency…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Qiyao Xue , Weichen Liu , Shiqi Wang , Haoming Wang , Yuyang Wu , Wei Gao

This paper aims to address universal segmentation for image and video perception with the strong reasoning ability empowered by Visual Large Language Models (VLLMs). Despite significant progress in current unified segmentation methods,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Cong Wei , Yujie Zhong , Haoxian Tan , Yong Liu , Zheng Zhao , Jie Hu , Yujiu Yang

Although large multimodal models (LMMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in visual scene interpretation and reasoning, their capacity for complex and precise 3-dimensional spatial reasoning remains uncertain. Existing benchmarks…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Xingrui Wang , Wufei Ma , Tiezheng Zhang , Celso M de Melo , Jieneng Chen , Alan Yuille

The ability to understand and reason about spatial relationships between objects in images is an important component of visual reasoning. This skill rests on the ability to recognize and localize objects of interest and determine their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Navid Rajabi , Jana Kosecka

Recent multimodal large language models (MLLMs) show strong capabilities in visual-language reasoning, yet their performance on ultra-high-resolution imagery remains largely unexplored. Existing visual question answering (VQA) benchmarks…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Siqi Li , Xinyu Cai , Jianbiao Mei , Nianchen Deng , Pinlong Cai , Licheng Wen , Yufan Shen , Xuemeng Yang , Botian Shi , Yong Liu

Recent advances in Large Multi-modal Models (LMMs) have demonstrated their remarkable success as general-purpose multi-modal assistants, with particular focuses on holistic image- and video-language understanding. Conversely, less attention…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Ye Liu , Zongyang Ma , Junfu Pu , Zhongang Qi , Yang Wu , Ying Shan , Chang Wen Chen

The demand for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based image acquisition and analysis has surged, with UAVs increasingly utilized for semantic segmentation tasks. To meet the real-time analysis requirements of UAV remote sensing missions,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Anqi Lu , Yun Cheng , Youbing Hu , Zhiqiang Cao , Jie Liu , Zhijun Li

Referring expression segmentation is a fundamental task in computer vision that integrates natural language understanding with precise visual localization of target regions. Considering aerial imagery (e.g., modern aerial photos collected…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Luís Marnoto , Alexandre Bernardino , Bruno Martins

Spatial reasoning ability is crucial for Vision Language Models (VLMs) to support real-world applications in diverse domains including robotics, augmented reality, and autonomous navigation. Unfortunately, existing benchmarks are inadequate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Xinmiao Huang , Qisong He , Zhenglin Huang , Boxuan Wang , Zhuoyun Li , Guangliang Cheng , Yi Dong , Xiaowei Huang

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have made rapid progress in spatial intelligence, yet existing spatial reasoning benchmarks largely assume pristine visual inputs and overlook the degradations that commonly occur in real-world…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Xiaolong Zhou , Yifei Liu , Ziyang Gong , Jiarui Li , Qiyue Zhao , Muyao Niu , Yuanyuan Gao , Le Ma , Xue Yang , Hongjie Zhang , Zhihang Zhong

While large multimodal models (LMMs) have achieved remarkable progress, generating pixel-level masks for image reasoning tasks involving multiple open-world targets remains a challenge. To bridge this gap, we introduce PixelLM, an effective…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Zhongwei Ren , Zhicheng Huang , Yunchao Wei , Yao Zhao , Dongmei Fu , Jiashi Feng , Xiaojie Jin

Existing image perception methods based on VLMs generally follow a paradigm wherein models extract and analyze image content based on user-provided textual task prompts. However, such methods face limitations when applied to UAV imagery,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Mingning Guo , Mengwei Wu , Shaoxian Li , Haifeng Li , Chao Tao

Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable reasoning capability while lack explicit mechanisms for visual grounding and segmentation, creating a gap between cognitive reasoning and visual perception. To bridge…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Yi Lu , Jiawang Cao , Yongliang Wu , Bozheng Li , Licheng Tang , Yangguang Ji , Chong Wu , Jay Wu , Wenbo Zhu

Despite recent advances on multi-modal models, 3D spatial reasoning remains a challenging task for state-of-the-art open-source and proprietary models. Recent studies explore data-driven approaches and achieve enhanced spatial reasoning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Wufei Ma , Yu-Cheng Chou , Qihao Liu , Xingrui Wang , Celso de Melo , Jianwen Xie , Alan Yuille

Achieving human-like spatial intelligence for vision-language models (VLMs) requires inferring 3D structures from 2D observations, recognizing object properties and relations in 3D space, and performing high-level spatial reasoning. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Huizhi Liang , Yichao Shen , Yu Deng , Sicheng Xu , Zhiyuan Feng , Tong Zhang , Yaobo Liang , Jiaolong Yang

Spatial reasoning is a fundamental capability of multimodal large language models (MLLMs), yet their performance in open aerial environments remains underexplored. In this work, we present Open3D-VQA, a novel benchmark for evaluating MLLMs'…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Weichen Zhang , Zile Zhou , Xin Zeng , Xuchen Liu , Jianjie Fang , Chen Gao , Yong Li , Jinqiang Cui , Xinlei Chen , Xiao-Ping Zhang

Recent progress in medical vision-language models (VLMs) has achieved strong performance on image-level text-centric tasks such as report generation and visual question answering (VQA). However, achieving fine-grained visual grounding and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Yang Xing , Jiong Wu , Savas Ozdemir , Ying Zhang , Yang Yang , Wei Shao , Kuang Gong

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) hold immense potential for critical applications, such as search and rescue operations, where accurate perception of indoor environments is paramount. However, the concurrent amalgamation of localization, 3D…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Thanh Nguyen Canh , Van-Truong Nguyen , Xiem HoangVan , Armagan Elibol , Nak Young Chong