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In this paper we present the first investigation into the effectiveness of Large Language Models (LLMs) for Failure Mode Classification (FMC). FMC, the task of automatically labelling an observation with a corresponding failure mode code,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Michael Stewart , Melinda Hodkiewicz , Sirui Li

Code generation stands as a powerful technique in modern software development, improving development efficiency, reducing errors, and fostering standardization and consistency. Recently, ChatGPT has exhibited immense potential in automatic…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-22 Youjia Li , Jianjun Shi , Zheng Zhang

Despite recent progress made by large language models in code generation, they still struggle with programs that meet complex requirements. Recent work utilizes plan-and-solve decomposition to decrease the complexity and leverage self-tests…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Jingchang Chen , Hongxuan Tang , Zheng Chu , Qianglong Chen , Zekun Wang , Ming Liu , Bing Qin

Prompting techniques such as chain-of-thought have established themselves as a popular vehicle for improving the outputs of large language models (LLMs). For code generation, however, their exact mechanics and efficacy are under-explored.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Kunhao Zheng , Juliette Decugis , Jonas Gehring , Taco Cohen , Benjamin Negrevergne , Gabriel Synnaeve

Large Language Models often improve accuracy on reasoning tasks by sampling multiple Chain-of-Thought (CoT) traces and aggregating them with majority voting (MV), a test-time technique called self-consistency. When we truncate a CoT partway…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-11 Naoto Iwase , Yuki Ichihara , Mohammad Atif Quamar , Junpei Komiyama

Hardware design verification (DV) is a process that checks the functional equivalence of a hardware design against its specifications, improving hardware reliability and robustness. A key task in the DV process is the test stimuli…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Zixi Zhang , Balint Szekely , Pedro Gimenes , Greg Chadwick , Hugo McNally , Jianyi Cheng , Robert Mullins , Yiren Zhao

Assertion-Based Verification (ABV) is critical for ensuring functional correctness in modern hardware systems. However, manually writing high-quality SVAs remains labor-intensive and error-prone. To bridge this gap, we propose AssertCoder,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Enyuan Tian , Yiwei Ci , Qiusong Yang , Yufeng Li , Zhichao Lyu

Speech Emotion Recognition (SER) is typically trained and evaluated on majority-voted labels, which simplifies benchmarking but masks subjectivity and provides little transparency into why predictions are made. This neglects valid minority…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-06 Bo-Hao Su , Hui-Ying Shih , Jinchuan Tian , Jiatong Shi , Chi-Chun Lee , Carlos Busso , Shinji Watanabe

Recently, Flow Matching models have pushed the boundaries of high-fidelity data generation across a wide range of domains. It typically employs a single large network to learn the entire generative trajectory from noise to data. Despite…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Dogyun Park , Taehoon Lee , Minseok Joo , Hyunwoo J. Kim

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly tasked with generating structured outputs. While structured generation methods ensure validity, they often lack output diversity, a critical limitation that we confirm in our preliminary study.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Xiaokun Luan , Zeming Wei , Yihao Zhang , Meng Sun

Code generation has been greatly enhanced by the profound advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) recently. Nevertheless, such LLM-based code generation approaches still struggle to generate error-free code in a few tries when faced…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Zhi-Cun Lyu , Xin-Ye Li , Zheng Xie , Ming Li

Process Reward Models (PRMs) have become essential for improving Large Language Models (LLMs) via test-time scaling, yet their effectiveness in coding remains limited due to the lack of meaningful step decompositions in code and the noise…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Ruiyi Zhang , Peijia Qin , Qi Cao , Pengtao Xie

Majority voting and averaging are common approaches employed to resolve annotator disagreements and derive single ground truth labels from multiple annotations. However, annotators may systematically disagree with one another, often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-13 Aida Mostafazadeh Davani , Mark Díaz , Vinodkumar Prabhakaran

Improving the code generation capabilities of large language models (LLMs) typically relies on supervised fine-tuning or preference optimization, both of which require costly external resources such as powerful teacher models or reliable…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Huan Zhang , Wei Cheng , Wei Hu

Text stemming is a natural language processing technique that is used to reduce words to their base form, also known as the root form. The use of stemming in IR has been shown to often improve the effectiveness of keyword-matching models…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Shuai Wang , Shengyao Zhuang , Guido Zuccon

Large language models (LLMs) have been massively applied to many tasks, often surpassing state-of-the-art approaches. While their effectiveness in code generation has been extensively studied (e.g., AlphaCode), their potential for code…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-07-21 Pablo Antonio Martínez , Gregorio Bernabé , José Manuel García

Test-time reasoning architectures such as those following the Generate-Verify paradigm, where a model iteratively refines or verifies its own generated outputs, prioritise generation and verification but exclude the monitoring processes…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Nick Oh , Fernand Gobet

Code generation aims to automatically generate source code from high-level task specifications, which can significantly increase productivity of software engineering. Recently, approaches based on large language models (LLMs) have shown…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Xin-Ye Li , Jiang-Tian Xue , Zheng Xie , Ming Li

Large Language Model (LLM) based code generation is predominantly formulated as a strictly monotonic process, appending tokens linearly to an immutable prefix. This formulation contrasts to the cognitive process of programming, which is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Chengran Yang , Zichao Wei , Heminghao Deng , Jinfeng Jiang , Zhensu Sun , Ting Zhang , Tianyi Wu , Ming Wen , David Lo

Network Function Virtualization (NFV) prescribes the instantiation of network functions on general-purpose network devices, such as servers and switches. While yielding a more flexible and cost-effective network architecture, NFV is…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-18 Ali Al-Shuwaili , Osvaldo Simeone , Joerg Kliewer , Petar Popovski