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Large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities in handling complex tasks through long-chain reasoning. However, the extensive reasoning steps involved can significantly increase computational costs, posing challenges for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Yunhao Wang , Yuhao Zhang , Tinghao Yu , Can Xu , Feng Zhang , Fengzong Lian

Practical needs of developing task-oriented dialogue assistants require the ability to understand many languages. Novel benchmarks for multilingual natural language understanding (NLU) include monolingual sentences in several languages,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-23 Alexey Birshert , Ekaterina Artemova

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have made reasoning a central benchmark for evaluating intelligence. While prior surveys focus on efficiency by examining how to shorten reasoning chains or reduce computation, this view…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Chao Wu , Baoheng Li , Mingchen Gao , Yu Tian , Zhenyi Wang

Code has become a standard component of modern foundation language model (LM) training, yet its role beyond programming remains unclear. We revisit the claim that code improves reasoning through controlled pretraining experiments on a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Yuze Zhao , Junpeng Fang , Lu Yu , Zhenya Huang , Kai Zhang , Qing Cui , Qi Liu , Jun Zhou , Enhong Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in various natural language processing tasks but face challenges in mathematical reasoning, where complex problem-solving requires both linguistic understanding and mathematical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Shuguang Chen , Guang Lin

Large language models make remarkable progress in reasoning capabilities. Existing works focus mainly on deductive reasoning tasks (e.g., code and math), while another type of reasoning mode that better aligns with human learning, inductive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Kedi Chen , Zhikai Lei , Fan Zhang , Yinqi Zhang , Qin Chen , Jie Zhou , Liang He , Qipeng Guo , Kai Chen , Wei Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) now solve multi-step problems by emitting extended chains of thought. During the process, they often re-derive the same intermediate steps across problems, inflating token usage and latency. This saturation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Aniket Didolkar , Nicolas Ballas , Sanjeev Arora , Anirudh Goyal

This paper explores the challenges of test-time scaling of large language models (LLMs), regarding both the data and inference efficiency. We highlight the diversity of multi-lingual reasoning based on our pilot studies, and then introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Kang Chen , Mengdi Zhang , Yixin Cao

Language models have demonstrated remarkable performance in solving reasoning tasks; however, even the strongest models still occasionally make reasoning mistakes. Recently, there has been active research aimed at improving reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Tian Ye , Zicheng Xu , Yuanzhi Li , Zeyuan Allen-Zhu

Neural-symbolic methods have demonstrated efficiency in enhancing the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs). However, existing methods mainly rely on syntactically mapping natural languages to complete formal languages like…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Yiming Wang , Zhuosheng Zhang , Pei Zhang , Baosong Yang , Rui Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in complex tasks. Recent advancements in Large Reasoning Models (LRMs), such as OpenAI o1 and DeepSeek-R1, have further improved performance in System-2 reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Yang Sui , Yu-Neng Chuang , Guanchu Wang , Jiamu Zhang , Tianyi Zhang , Jiayi Yuan , Hongyi Liu , Andrew Wen , Shaochen Zhong , Na Zou , Hanjie Chen , Xia Hu

Code-switching is a prevalent linguistic phenomenon in which multilingual individuals seamlessly alternate between languages. Despite its widespread use online and recent research trends in this area, research in code-switching presents…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Frances A. Laureano De Leon , Harish Tayyar Madabushi , Mark Lee

Code-switching, the alternation of languages within a conversation or utterance, is a common communicative phenomenon that occurs in multilingual communities across the world. This survey reviews computational approaches for code-switched…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-24 Sunayana Sitaram , Khyathi Raghavi Chandu , Sai Krishna Rallabandi , Alan W Black

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly enhanced their ability to perform complex reasoning tasks, transitioning from fast and intuitive thinking (System 1) to slow and deep reasoning (System 2). While System…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Rui Wang , Hongru Wang , Boyang Xue , Jianhui Pang , Shudong Liu , Yi Chen , Jiahao Qiu , Derek Fai Wong , Heng Ji , Kam-Fai Wong

Languages encode distinct abstractions and inductive priors, yet most large language models (LLMs) overlook this diversity by reasoning in a single dominant language. In this work, we introduce x1, a family of reasoning models that can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Yangfan Ye , Xiaocheng Feng , Xiachong Feng , Yichong Huang , Zekun Yuan , Lei Huang , Weitao Ma , Qichen Hong , Yunfei Lu , Dandan Tu , Bing Qin

Code-switching, or alternating between languages within a single conversation, presents challenges for multilingual language models on NLP tasks. This research investigates if pre-training Multilingual BERT (mBERT) on code-switched datasets…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Katherine Xie , Nitya Babbar , Vicky Chen , Yoanna Turura

We focus on the problem of language modeling for code-switched language, in the context of automatic speech recognition (ASR). Language modeling for code-switched language is challenging for (at least) three reasons: (1) lack of available…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-12 Hila Gonen , Yoav Goldberg

Reasoning is a fundamental capability of Large Language Models. While prior research predominantly focuses on enhancing narrow skills like math or code generation, improving performance on many other reasoning tasks remains challenging due…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Junlong Li , Daya Guo , Dejian Yang , Runxin Xu , Yu Wu , Junxian He

Despite achieving impressive results on standard benchmarks, large foundational models still struggle against code-switching test cases. When data scarcity cannot be used as the usual justification for poor performance, the reason may lie…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Enes Yavuz Ugan , Ngoc-Quan Pham , Alexander Waibel

In this paper, we investigate code-integrated reasoning, where models generate code when necessary and integrate feedback by executing it through a code interpreter. To acquire this capability, models must learn when and how to use external…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Fei Bai , Yingqian Min , Beichen Zhang , Zhipeng Chen , Wayne Xin Zhao , Lei Fang , Zheng Liu , Zhongyuan Wang , Ji-Rong Wen