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Achieving practical quantum advantage on fault-tolerant quantum computers (FTQC) is fundamentally constrained by the substantial spatial and temporal overheads required to map logical operations onto physical hardware. Existing compilation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-15 Dhanvi Bharadwaj , Siddharth Dangwal , Yuewen Hou , Gokul Subramanian Ravi

Whether it is at the fabrication stage or during the course of the quantum computation, e.g. because of high-energy events like cosmic rays, the qubits constituting an error correcting code may be rendered inoperable. Such defects may…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-26 Adam Siegel , Armands Strikis , Thomas Flatters , Simon Benjamin

Large-scale quantum information processing requires the use of quantum error correcting codes to mitigate the effects of noise in quantum devices. Topological error-correcting codes, such as surface codes, are promising candidates as they…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-27 Kunihiro Wasa , Shin Nishio , Koki Suetsugu , Michael Hanks , Ashley Stephens , Yu Yokoi , Kae Nemoto

Recent years have witnessed the fast development of quantum computing. Researchers around the world are eager to run larger and larger quantum algorithms that promise speedups impossible to any classical algorithm. However, the available…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Bochen Tan , Jason Cong

The fragile nature of quantum information limits our ability to construct large quantities of quantum bits suitable for quantum computing. An important goal, therefore, is to minimize the amount of resources required to implement quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-04-11 Adam Paetznick , Austin G. Fowler

Quantum error-correcting codes (QECCs) can eliminate the negative effects of quantum noise, the major obstacle to the execution of quantum algorithms. However, realizing practical quantum error correction (QEC) requires resolving many…

Quantum low-density parity-check (qLDPC) codes can achieve high encoding rates and good code distance scaling, providing a promising route to low-overhead fault-tolerant quantum computing. However, the long-range connectivity required to…

Generalized code surgery is a versatile and low-overhead technique for performing fault-tolerant computation on quantum low-density parity-check (qLDPC) codes. In many settings, surgery exhibits practical space overheads, while its time…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-03 Kathleen Chang , Zhiyang He , Theodore J. Yoder , Guanyu Zhu , Tomas Jochym-O'Connor

Fault-tolerant quantum computation critically depends on architectures uniting high encoding rates with physical implementability. Quantum low-density parity-check (qLDPC) codes, including bivariate bicycle (BB) codes, achieve dramatic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-24 Yingli Yang , Guo Zhang , Ying Li

Quantum computers have the potential to change the way we solve computational problems. Due to the noisy nature of qubits, the need arises to correct physical errors occurring during computation. The surface code is a promising candidate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-06 Gyorgy P. Geher , Ophelia Crawford , Earl T. Campbell

Quantum algorithms have the potential to provide exponential speedups over some of the best known classical algorithms. These speedups may enable quantum devices to solve currently intractable problems such as those in the fields of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-13 Ciarán Ryan-Anderson

Fault-tolerant quantum computers are expected to be offered as cloud services due to their significant resource and infrastructure requirements. Quantum multiprogramming, which runs multiple quantum jobs in parallel, is a promising approach…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-10 Shin Nishio , Ryo Wakizaka , Daisuke Sakuma , Yosuke Ueno , Yasunari Suzuki

Quantum low-density parity check (qLDPC) codes are among the leading candidates to realize error-corrected quantum memories with low qubit overhead. Potentially high encoding rates and large distance relative to their block size make them…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-14 Josias Old , Juval Bechar , Markus Müller , Sascha Heußen

For planar architectures surface code-based quantum error correction is one of the most promising approaches to fault-tolerant quantum computation. This is partially due to the variety of fault-tolerant logical protocols that can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-22 Áron Márton , Luis Colmenarez , Lukas Bödeker , Markus Müller

Quantum LDPC codes promise significant reductions in physical qubit overhead compared with topological codes. However, many existing constructions for performing logical operations come with distance-dependent temporal overheads. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-07 Nouédyn Baspin , Lucas Berent , Lawrence Z. Cohen

Efficiently realizing logical operations on general stabilizer codes remains a long-standing challenge in fault tolerant quantum computing. While code surgery provides a general framework with provable guarantees by joint logical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-22 Junyu Zhou , Ali Javadi-Abhari , Gushu Li

Surface codes represent a leading approach for quantum error correction (QEC), offering a path towards universal fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC). However, efficiently implementing algorithms, particularly using Pauli-based…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-02 Shuwen Kan , Zefan Du , Chenxu Liu , Meng Wang , Yufei Ding , Ang Li , Ying Mao , Samuel Stein

The ongoing development of hardware that is capable of reliably executing general quantum algorithms requires quantum error-correcting codes that are both practical for realisation and rapidly reduce logical error rates as they are scaled…

It is the prevailing belief that quantum error correcting techniques will be required to build a utility-scale quantum computer able to perform computations that are out of reach of classical computers. The QECCs that have been most…

The large-scale execution of quantum algorithms requires basic quantum operations to be implemented fault-tolerantly. The most popular technique for accomplishing this, using the devices that can be realised in the near term, uses…