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Autonomous GUI agents face two fundamental challenges: early stopping, where agents prematurely declare success without verifiable evidence, and repetitive loops, where agents cycle through the same failing actions without recovery. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-27 Qijun Han , Haoqin Tu , Zijun Wang , Haoyue Dai , Yiyang Zhou , Nancy Lau , Alvaro A. Cardenas , Yuhui Xu , Ran Xu , Caiming Xiong , Zeyu Zheng , Huaxiu Yao , Yuyin Zhou , Cihang Xie

Recent advances in autonomous LLM agents demonstrate their ability to improve performance through iterative interaction with the environment. We define this paradigm as Test-Time Improvement (TTI). However, the mechanisms under how and why…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Hang Yan , Xinyu Che , Fangzhi Xu , Qiushi Sun , Zichen Ding , Kanzhi Cheng , Jian Zhang , Tao Qin , Jun Liu , Qika Lin

We present SkillGPT, a tool for skill extraction and standardization (SES) from free-style job descriptions and user profiles with an open-source Large Language Model (LLM) as backbone. Most previous methods for similar tasks either need…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-19 Nan Li , Bo Kang , Tijl De Bie

A typical compiler flow relies on a uni-directional sequence of translation/optimization steps that lower the program abstract representation, making it hard to preserve higher-level program information across each transformation step. On…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-02-10 Vinicius Couto , Luciano Zago , Hervé Yviquel , Guido Araújo

Reinforcement learning (RL) has been widely used to train LLM agents for multi-turn interactive tasks, but its sample efficiency is severely limited by sparse rewards and long horizons. On-policy self-distillation (OPSD) alleviates this by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Hao Wang , Guozhi Wang , Han Xiao , Yufeng Zhou , Yue Pan , Jichao Wang , Ke Xu , Yafei Wen , Xiaohu Ruan , Xiaoxin Chen , Honggang Qi

Large language models (LLMs) have transformed AI across diverse domains, with prompting being central to their success in guiding model outputs. However, manual prompt engineering is both labor-intensive and domain-specific, necessitating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Eshaan Agarwal , Joykirat Singh , Vivek Dani , Raghav Magazine , Tanuja Ganu , Akshay Nambi

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has achieved remarkable success in various research domains. However, its reliance on neural networks results in a lack of transparency, which limits its practical applications. To achieve explainability,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Yongyan Wen , Siyuan Li , Rongchang Zuo , Lei Yuan , Hangyu Mao , Peng Liu

This paper presents a simple, effective, and cost-efficient strategy to improve LLM performance by scaling test-time compute. Our strategy builds upon the repeated-sampling-then-voting framework, with a novel twist: incorporating multiple…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Jianhao Chen , Zishuo Xun , Bocheng Zhou , Han Qi , Hangfan Zhang , Qiaosheng Zhang , Yang Chen , Wei Hu , Yuzhong Qu , Wanli Ouyang , Shuyue Hu

Reinforcement learning algorithms are typically designed to learn a performant policy that can repeatedly and autonomously complete a task, usually starting from scratch. However, in many real-world situations, the goal might not be to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-18 Annie S. Chen , Archit Sharma , Sergey Levine , Chelsea Finn

Agent skills, structured packages of procedural knowledge and executable resources that agents dynamically load at inference time, have become a reliable mechanism for augmenting LLM agents. Yet inference-time skill augmentation is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Zhengxi Lu , Zhiyuan Yao , Jinyang Wu , Chengcheng Han , Qi Gu , Xunliang Cai , Weiming Lu , Jun Xiao , Yueting Zhuang , Yongliang Shen

The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into autonomous driving systems demonstrates strong common sense and reasoning abilities, effectively addressing the pitfalls of purely data-driven methods. Current LLM-based agents require…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Sihao Wu , Jiaxu Liu , Xiangyu Yin , Guangliang Cheng , Xingyu Zhao , Meng Fang , Xinping Yi , Xiaowei Huang

Multimodal large language models (MLLM) have achieved satisfactory results in many tasks. However, their performance in the task of ReID (ReID) has not been explored to date. This paper will investigate how to adapt them for the task of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Shan Yang , Yongfei Zhang

Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in complex reasoning and multi-turn interactions but struggle to continuously improve and adapt when deployed in new environments. One promising approach is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Jiongxiao Wang , Qiaojing Yan , Yawei Wang , Yijun Tian , Soumya Smruti Mishra , Zhichao Xu , Megha Gandhi , Panpan Xu , Lin Lee Cheong

This paper introduces LLM-MARL, a unified framework that incorporates large language models (LLMs) into multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) to enhance coordination, communication, and generalization in simulated game environments. The…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Zhengyang Li , Sawyer Campos , Nana Wang

With the growing demands of AI-generated content (AIGC), the need for high-quality, diverse, and scalable data has become increasingly crucial. However, collecting large-scale real-world data remains costly and time-consuming, hindering the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Kunyu Feng , Yue Ma , Xinhua Zhang , Boshi Liu , Yikuang Yuluo , Yinhan Zhang , Runtao Liu , Hongyu Liu , Zhiyuan Qin , Shanhui Mo , Qifeng Chen , Zeyu Wang

LLM agents now draw on growing skill libraries to handle complex tasks. However, injecting more skills does not always improve task completion and can even degrade it. Existing methods still treat skill injection as a static step, selecting…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yanchao Li , Wanhao Liu , Ben Gao , Jiaqing Xie , Zhehong Ai , Na Zou , Yuqiang Li , Tianfan Fu

Robots trained via Reinforcement Learning (RL) or Imitation Learning (IL) often adapt slowly to new tasks, whereas recent Large Language Models (LLMs) and Vision-Language Models (VLMs) promise knowledge-rich planning from minimal data.…

Current Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) systems for skill teaching are fragmented, and existing approaches in the literature do not offer a cohesive framework that is simultaneously efficient, intuitive, and universally safe. This paper…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Zi-Qi Yang , Mehrdad R. Kermani

Current LLM agents operate under an implicit but universal assumption: execution is a transaction -- the user submits a request, the agent works in isolation, and only upon completion does the dialogue resume. This forces users into a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Zhiyuan Zhai , Ming Li , Xin Wang

We aim to evaluate Large Language Models (LLMs) for embodied decision making. While a significant body of work has been leveraging LLMs for decision making in embodied environments, we still lack a systematic understanding of their…

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