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Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) is a powerful algorithm for solving complex decision-making problems. This paper presents an optimized MCTS implementation applied to the FrozenLake environment, a classic reinforcement learning task…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Esteban Aldana Guerra

Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) is an immensely popular search-based framework used for decision making. It is traditionally applied to domains where a perfect simulation model of the environment is available. We study and improve MCTS in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Farnaz Kohankhaki , Kiarash Aghakasiri , Hongming Zhang , Ting-Han Wei , Chao Gao , Martin Müller

Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) is an effective test-time compute scaling (TTCS) method for improving the reasoning performance of large language models, but its highly variable execution time leads to severe long-tail latency in practice.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Hongbeen Kim , Juhyun Lee , Sanghyeon Lee , Kwanghoon Choi , Jaehyuk Huh

In the world of embedded systems, optimizing actions with the uncertain costs of multiple resources is a complex challenge. Existing methods include plan building based on Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS), an approach that thrives in multiple…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-18 Franco Cordeiro , Samuel Tardieu , Laurent Pautet

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in code generation and structured reasoning; however, their performance often degrades on complex tasks that require consistent multi-step planning. Recent work has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Fei Xu Yu , Gina Adam , Nathaniel D. Bastian , Tian Lan

Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) methods have achieved great success in many Artificial Intelligence (AI) benchmarks. The in-tree operations become a critical performance bottleneck in realizing parallel MCTS on CPUs. In this work, we develop…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-08-25 Yuan Meng , Rajgopal Kannan , Viktor Prasanna

The article presents the use of Monte Carlo Tree Search algorithms for the card game Lord of the Rings. The main challenge was the complexity of the game mechanics, in which each round consists of 5 decision stages and 2 random stages. To…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-28 Konrad Godlewski , Bartosz Sawicki

Standard planners for sequential decision making (including Monte Carlo planning, tree search, dynamic programming, etc.) are constrained by an implicit sequential planning assumption: The order in which a plan is constructed is the same in…

Large Language Models (LLM) are increasingly being explored for problem-solving tasks. However, their strategic planning capability is often viewed with skepticism. Recent studies have incorporated the Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Bingzheng Gan , Yufan Zhao , Tianyi Zhang , Jing Huang , Yusu Li , Shu Xian Teo , Changwang Zhang , Wei Shi

Online planning is crucial for high performance in many complex sequential decision-making tasks. Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) employs a principled mechanism for trading off exploration for exploitation for efficient online planning, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-08 Kalle Kujanpää , Amin Babadi , Yi Zhao , Juho Kannala , Alexander Ilin , Joni Pajarinen

We introduce an approach aimed at enhancing the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) through an iterative preference learning process inspired by the successful strategy employed by AlphaZero. Our work leverages Monte…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Yuxi Xie , Anirudh Goyal , Wenyue Zheng , Min-Yen Kan , Timothy P. Lillicrap , Kenji Kawaguchi , Michael Shieh

Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) algorithms perform simulation-based search to improve policies online. During search, the simulation policy is adapted to explore the most promising lines of play. MCTS has been used by state-of-the-art…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-09 Thomas Anthony , Robert Nishihara , Philipp Moritz , Tim Salimans , John Schulman

We introduce MCTS-RAG, a novel approach that enhances the reasoning capabilities of small language models on knowledge-intensive tasks by leveraging retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) to provide relevant context and Monte Carlo Tree…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Yunhai Hu , Yilun Zhao , Chen Zhao , Arman Cohan

Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) has recently emerged as a powerful technique for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of LLMs. Techniques such as SFT or DPO have enabled LLMs to distill high-quality behaviors from MCTS, improving their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Xiyao Wang , Linfeng Song , Ye Tian , Dian Yu , Baolin Peng , Haitao Mi , Furong Huang , Dong Yu

Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) has proven to be capable of solving challenging tasks in domains such as Go, chess and Atari. Previous research has developed parallel versions of MCTS, exploiting today's multiprocessing architectures. These…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-01 Karl Kurzer , Christoph Hörtnagl , J. Marius Zöllner

LLM-based autonomous agents often fail to execute complex web tasks that require dynamic interaction due to the inherent uncertainty and complexity of these environments. Existing LLM-based web agents typically rely on rigid,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-29 Yao Zhang , Zijian Ma , Yunpu Ma , Zhen Han , Yu Wu , Volker Tresp

In this paper we explore the application of simultaneous move Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) based online framework for tactical maneuvering between two unmanned aircrafts. Compared to other techniques, MCTS enables efficient search over…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-09-21 Kunal Srivastava , Amit Surana

Decision-making under uncertainty (DMU) is present in many important problems. An open challenge is DMU in non-stationary environments, where the dynamics of the environment can change over time. Reinforcement Learning (RL), a popular…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-03-01 Geoffrey Pettet , Ayan Mukhopadhyay , Abhishek Dubey

Monte-Carlo tree search (MCTS) has driven many recent breakthroughs in deep reinforcement learning (RL). However, scaling MCTS to parallel compute has proven challenging in practice which has motivated alternative planners like sequential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Joery A. de Vries , Jinke He , Yaniv Oren , Matthijs T. J. Spaan

We propose a novel Parallel Monte Carlo tree search with Batched Simulations (PMBS) algorithm for accelerating long-horizon, episodic robotic planning tasks. Monte Carlo tree search (MCTS) is an effective heuristic search algorithm for…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Baichuan Huang , Abdeslam Boularias , Jingjin Yu