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Toxicity detection is crucial for maintaining the peace of the society. While existing methods perform well on normal toxic contents or those generated by specific perturbation methods, they are vulnerable to evolving perturbation patterns.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Hankun Kang , Jianhao Chen , Yongqi Li , Xin Miao , Mayi Xu , Ming Zhong , Yuanyuan Zhu , Tieyun Qian

In the pursuit of developing Large Language Models (LLMs) that adhere to societal standards, it is imperative to detect the toxicity in the generated text. The majority of existing toxicity metrics rely on encoder models trained on specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Hyukhun Koh , Dohyung Kim , Minwoo Lee , Kyomin Jung

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance on simple text classification tasks, frequently under zero-shot settings. However, their efficacy declines when tackling complex social media challenges…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Elyas Meguellati , Assaad Zeghina , Shazia Sadiq , Gianluca Demartini

Identifying and addressing security issues during the early phase of the development lifecycle is critical for mitigating the long-term negative impacts on software systems. Code review serves as an effective practice that enables…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Fang Liu , Simiao Liu , Yinghao Zhu , Xiaoli Lian , Li Zhang

As large language models (LLMs) increasingly integrate native code interpreters, they enable powerful real-time execution capabilities, substantially expanding their utility. However, such integrations introduce potential system-level…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-28 Gabriel Chua

Toxicity is pervasive in social media and poses a major threat to the health of online communities. The recent introduction of pre-trained language models, which have achieved state-of-the-art results in many NLP tasks, has transformed the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-11 Erik Yan , Harish Tayyar Madabushi

Toxic content is one of the most critical issues for social media platforms today. India alone had 518 million social media users in 2020. In order to provide a good experience to content creators and their audience, it is crucial to flag…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-04 Manan Jhaveri , Devanshu Ramaiya , Harveen Singh Chadha

Data contamination presents a critical barrier preventing widespread industrial adoption of advanced software engineering techniques that leverage code language models (CLMs). This phenomenon occurs when evaluation data inadvertently…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Jialun Cao , Songqiang Chen , Wuqi Zhang , Hau Ching Lo , Shing-Chi Cheung

Lack of moderation in online communities enables participants to incur in personal aggression, harassment or cyberbullying, issues that have been accentuated by extremist radicalisation in the contemporary post-truth politics scenario. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-01-08 Nestor Rodriguez , Sergio Rojas-Galeano

To address the increasing complexity and frequency of cybersecurity incidents emphasized by the recent cybersecurity threat reports with over 10 billion instances, cyber threat intelligence (CTI) plays a critical role in the modern…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Hangyuan Ji , Jian Yang , Linzheng Chai , Chaoren Wei , Liqun Yang , Yunlong Duan , Yunli Wang , Tianzhen Sun , Hongcheng Guo , Tongliang Li , Changyu Ren , Zhoujun Li

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly popular but are also prone to generating bias, toxic or harmful language, which can have detrimental effects on individuals and communities. Although most efforts is put to assess and mitigate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Caroline Brun , Vassilina Nikoulina

Large Reasoning Models (LRMs) leverage transparent reasoning traces, known as Chain-of-Thoughts (CoTs), to break down complex problems into intermediate steps and derive final answers. However, these reasoning traces introduce unique safety…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Changyi Li , Jiayi Wang , Xudong Pan , Geng Hong , Min Yang

Augmenting toxic language data in a controllable and class-specific manner is crucial for improving robustness in toxicity classification, yet remains challenging due to limited supervision and distributional skew. We propose ToxiGAN, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Peiran Li , Jan Fillies , Adrian Paschke

Software projects thrive on the involvement and contributions of individuals from different backgrounds. However, toxic language and negative interactions can hinder the participation and retention of contributors and alienate newcomers.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Mia Mohammad Imran , Robert Zita , Rebekah Copeland , Preetha Chatterjee , Rahat Rizvi Rahman , Kostadin Damevski

Large language models (LLMs) and small language models (SLMs) are being adopted at remarkable speed, although their safety still remains a serious concern. With the advent of multilingual S/LLMs, the question now becomes a matter of scale:…

Despite the substantial advancements in artificial intelligence, large language models (LLMs) remain being challenged by generation safety. With adversarial jailbreaking prompts, one can effortlessly induce LLMs to output harmful content,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Yuhao Du , Zhuo Li , Pengyu Cheng , Xiang Wan , Anningzhe Gao

The open-endedness of large language models (LLMs) combined with their impressive capabilities may lead to new safety issues when being exploited for malicious use. While recent studies primarily focus on probing toxic outputs that can be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Jiaxin Wen , Pei Ke , Hao Sun , Zhexin Zhang , Chengfei Li , Jinfeng Bai , Minlie Huang

Prompt injection attacks exploit vulnerabilities in large language models (LLMs) to manipulate the model into unintended actions or generate malicious content. As LLM integrated applications gain wider adoption, they face growing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-03 Daniel Wankit Yip , Aysan Esmradi , Chun Fai Chan

Detoxifying offensive language while preserving the speaker's original intent is a challenging yet critical goal for improving the quality of online interactions. Although large language models (LLMs) show promise in rewriting toxic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Xintong Wang , Yixiao Liu , Jingheng Pan , Liang Ding , Longyue Wang , Chris Biemann

Large language models (LM) generate remarkably fluent text and can be efficiently adapted across NLP tasks. Measuring and guaranteeing the quality of generated text in terms of safety is imperative for deploying LMs in the real world; to…