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We analyse the entanglement structure of states generated by random constant-depth two-dimensional quantum circuits, followed by projective measurements of a subset of sites. By deriving a rigorous lower bound on the average entanglement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-21 Max McGinley , Wen Wei Ho , Daniel Malz

The evolution of entanglement entropy in quantum circuits composed of Haar-random gates and projective measurements shows versatile behavior, with connections to phase transitions and complexity theory. We reformulate the problem in terms…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2020-04-16 Oles Shtanko , Yaroslav A. Kharkov , Luis Pedro García-Pintos , Alexey V. Gorshkov

We map the dynamics of entanglement in random unitary circuits, with finite on-site Hilbert space dimension $q$, to an effective classical statistical mechanics, and develop general diagrammatic tools for calculations in random unitary…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2019-05-29 Tianci Zhou , Adam Nahum

We study the entanglement dynamics of quantum automaton (QA) circuits in the presence of U(1) symmetry. We find that the second R\'enyi entropy grows diffusively with a logarithmic correction as $\sqrt{t\ln{t}}$, saturating the bound…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-13 Yiqiu Han , Xiao Chen

Entanglement is one of the physical properties of quantum systems responsible for the computational hardness of simulating quantum systems. But while the runtime of specific algorithms, notably tensor network algorithms, explicitly depends…

In this article, we investigate the quantum circuit complexity and entanglement entropy in the recently studied black hole gas framework using the two-mode squeezed states formalism written in arbitrary dimensional spatially flat…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2021-09-03 Kiran Adhikari , Sayantan Choudhury , Satyaki Chowdhury , K. Shirish , Abinash Swain

Monitored quantum circuits can exhibit an entanglement transition as a function of the rate of measurements, stemming from the competition between scrambling unitary dynamics and disentangling projective measurements. We study how…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2022-10-11 Utkarsh Agrawal , Aidan Zabalo , Kun Chen , Justin H. Wilson , Andrew C. Potter , J. H. Pixley , Sarang Gopalakrishnan , Romain Vasseur

Understanding the nature of entanglement growth in many-body systems is one of the fundamental questions in quantum physics. Here, we study this problem by characterizing the entanglement fluctuations and distribution of $(d+1)$ qubit…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-12-22 Piotr Sierant , Marco Schirò , Maciej Lewenstein , Xhek Turkeshi

Random quantum circuits have been utilized in the contexts of quantum supremacy demonstrations, variational quantum algorithms for chemistry and machine learning, and blackhole information. The ability of random circuits to approximate any…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-23 Minzhao Liu , Junyu Liu , Yuri Alexeev , Liang Jiang

Quantifying quantum states' complexity is a key problem in various subfields of science, from quantum computing to black-hole physics. We prove a prominent conjecture by Brown and Susskind about how random quantum circuits' complexity…

Random quantum circuit is a minimally structured model to study the entanglement dynamics of many-body quantum systems. In this paper, we considered a one-dimensional quantum circuit with noisy Haar-random unitary gates using density matrix…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-16 Qi Zhang , Guang-Ming Zhang

We investigate the distribution of entanglement entropy in hybrid quantum circuits consisting of random unitary gates and local measurements applied at a finite rate. We demonstrate that higher moments of the entanglement entropy…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-14 Jeonghyeok Park , Hyukjoon Kwon , Hyunseok Jeong

It is widely accepted that the dynamic of entanglement in presence of a generic circuit can be predicted by the knowledge of the statistical properties of the entanglement spectrum. We tested this assumption by applying a Metropolis-like…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-20 J. Odavić , G. Torre , N. Mijić , D. Davidović , F. Franchini , S. M. Giampaolo

Scrambling is a process by which the state of a quantum system is effectively randomized due to the global entanglement that "hides" initially localized quantum information. In this work, we lay the mathematical foundations of studying…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-10 Zi-Wen Liu , Seth Lloyd , Elton Yechao Zhu , Huangjun Zhu

We study the dynamics of entanglement asymmetry in random unitary circuits (RUCs). Focusing on a local $U(1)$ charge, we consider symmetric initial states evolved by both local one-dimensional circuits and geometrically non-local RUCs made…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-08-29 Filiberto Ares , Sara Murciano , Pasquale Calabrese , Lorenzo Piroli

Encoding continuous-variable quantum information in the optical domain has recently enabled the generation of large entangled states, yet robust implementation remains a challenge. Here, we present a straightforward protocol for generating…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-27 Sugar Singh Meena , David Barral , Ankan Das Roy , Sunita Meena , Amit Rai

Bosonic Gaussian states are a special class of quantum states in an infinite dimensional Hilbert space that are relevant to universal continuous-variable quantum computation as well as to near-term quantum sampling tasks such as Gaussian…

Average block entanglement in the 1D XX-model with uncorrelated random couplings is known to grow as the logarithm of the block size, in similarity to conformal systems. In this work we study random spin chains whose couplings present long…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2016-07-19 Javier Rodríguez-Laguna , Silvia N. Santalla , Giovanni Ramírez , Germán Sierra

After quantum quenches in many-body systems, finite subsystems evolve non-trivially in time, eventually approaching a stationary state. In typical situations, the reduced density matrix of a given subsystem begins and ends this endeavour as…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2021-11-16 Isaac Reid , Bruno Bertini

Bipartite entanglement entropy is one of the most useful characterizations of universal properties in a many-body quantum system. Far from equilibrium, there exist two highly effective theories describing its dynamics -- the quasiparticle…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-08-20 Shachar Fraenkel , Colin Rylands
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