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Large Language Models (LLMs) have become a popular choice for many Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks due to their versatility and ability to produce high-quality results. Specifically, they are increasingly used for automatic code…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Jessica López Espejel , Mahaman Sanoussi Yahaya Alassan , Merieme Bouhandi , Walid Dahhane , El Hassane Ettifouri

The prohibitive training costs of Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a significant bottleneck in the development of next-generation LLMs. In this paper, we show that it is possible to significantly reduce the training costs of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Chenze Shao , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou

Large Language Models (LLMs) have become integral to daily life, especially advancing as intelligent assistants through on-device deployment on smartphones. However, existing LLM evaluation benchmarks predominantly focus on objective tasks…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Xudong Lu , Haohao Gao , Renshou Wu , Shuai Ren , Xiaoxin Chen , Hongsheng Li , Fangyuan Li

Tokenization disparities pose a significant barrier to achieving equitable access to artificial intelligence across linguistically diverse populations. This study conducts a large-scale cross-linguistic evaluation of tokenization efficiency…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Hailay Kidu Teklehaymanot , Wolfgang Nejdl

Large language models (LLMs) have shown exceptional performance in code generation and understanding tasks, yet their high computational costs hinder broader adoption. One important factor is the inherent verbosity of programming languages,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Zhensu Sun , Chengran Yang , Xiaoning Du , Zhou Yang , Li Li , David Lo

The wide adoption of AI agents in complex human workflows is driving rapid growth in LLM token consumption. When agents are deployed on tasks that require a significant amount of tokens, three questions naturally arise: (1) Where do AI…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Longju Bai , Zhemin Huang , Xingyao Wang , Jiao Sun , Rada Mihalcea , Erik Brynjolfsson , Alex Pentland , Jiaxin Pei

LLMs used for code generation are typically guided by engineering constraints--technology choices, dependency restrictions, and architectural patterns--expressed in verbose natural language. We investigate whether compact, structured…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Hanzhang Tang

Recently, significant public efforts have been directed towards developing low-cost models with capabilities akin to ChatGPT, thereby fostering the growth of open-source conversational models. However, there remains a scarcity of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-18 Yunjie Ji , Yan Gong , Yong Deng , Yiping Peng , Qiang Niu , Baochang Ma , Xiangang Li

As the ever-increasing token limits of large language models (LLMs) have enabled long context as input, prompting with single data samples might no longer an efficient way. A straightforward strategy improving efficiency is to batch data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Jianzhe Lin , Maurice Diesendruck , Liang Du , Robin Abraham

With the increasing adoption of large language models (LLMs) in software engineering, the Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning paradigm has become an essential approach for automated code repair. However, the explicit multi-step reasoning in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Junwei Hu , Weicheng Zheng , Yihan Liu , Yan Liu

To reduce the computation cost and the energy consumption in large language models (LLM), skimming-based acceleration dynamically drops unimportant tokens of the input sequence progressively along layers of the LLM while preserving the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Shengyao Zhang , Mi Zhang , Xudong Pan , Min Yang

While Text-to-SQL systems achieve high accuracy, existing efficiency metrics like the Valid Efficiency Score prioritize execution time, a metric we show is fundamentally decoupled from consumption-based cloud billing. This paper evaluates…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Saurabh Deochake , Debajyoti Mukhopadhyay

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely used for code generation. However, commercial models like ChatGPT require significant computing power, which leads to high energy use and carbon emissions. This has raised concerns about their…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Humza Ashraf , Syed Muhammad Danish , Aris Leivadeas , Yazan Otoum , Zeeshan Sattar

Research in machine learning has questioned whether increases in training token counts reliably produce proportional performance gains in large language models. Building on prior work introducing an energy-aware parameter efficiency metric,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Joe Dwyer

Carefully engineered system prompts play a critical role in guiding the behavior of LLM agents, but their considerable length introduces significant drawbacks, including increased inference latency, higher computational cost, and reduced…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Jiancheng Dong , Pengyue Jia , Jingyu Peng , Maolin Wang , Yuhao Wang , Lixin Su , Xin Sun , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Xiangyu Zhao

This paper investigates the potential benefits of language-specific fact-checking models, focusing on the case of Chinese. We first demonstrate the limitations of translation-based methods and multilingual large language models (e.g.,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Caiqi Zhang , Zhijiang Guo , Andreas Vlachos

The recent success of Large Language Models (LLMs) has been predominantly driven by curating the training dataset composition, scaling of model architectures and dataset sizes and advancements in pretraining objectives, leaving tokenizer…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to data-intensive workflows, from database querying to developer observability. Yet the effectiveness of these systems is constrained by the volume, verbosity, and noise of real-world…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Marcus Emmanuel Barnes , Taher A. Ghaleb , Safwat Hassan

Scaling large language models (LLMs) has driven significant advancements, yet it faces diminishing returns and escalating energy demands. This work explores how test-time compute (TTC) can serve as an energy-efficient complement to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Yunho Jin , Gu-Yeon Wei , David Brooks

Despite the development of pre-trained language models (PLMs) significantly raise the performances of various Chinese natural language processing (NLP) tasks, the vocabulary for these Chinese PLMs remain to be the one provided by Google…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-18 Wei Zhu