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While large language models (LLMs) are extensively used, there are raising concerns regarding privacy, security, and copyright due to their opaque training data, which brings the problem of detecting pre-training data on the table. Current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Anqi Zhang , Chaofeng Wu

Recent language models generate false but plausible-sounding text with surprising frequency. Such "hallucinations" are an obstacle to the usability of language-based AI systems and can harm people who rely upon their outputs. This work…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Adam Tauman Kalai , Santosh S. Vempala

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant improvements in reasoning capabilities through supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement learning. However, when training reasoning models, these approaches are primarily applicable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Yoichi Ishibashi , Taro Yano , Masafumi Oyamada

Large audio language models (LALMs) are increasingly used to reason over long audio clips, yet deployment often compresses audio before inference to reduce memory and latency. The risk is that compression can leave aggregate accuracy…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-08 Amir Ivry

Deploying a well-optimized pre-trained speaker recognition model in a new domain often leads to a significant decline in performance. While fine-tuning is a commonly employed solution, it demands ample adaptation data and suffers from…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Tianhao Wang , Lantian Li , Dong Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are typically aligned for safety during the post-training phase; however, they may still generate inappropriate outputs that could potentially pose risks to users. This challenge underscores the need for robust…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Mahesh Kumar Nandwana , Youngwan Lim , Joseph Liu , Alex Yang , Varun Notibala , Nishchaie Khanna

Language model inversion seeks to recover hidden prompts using only language model outputs. This capability has implications for security and accountability in language model deployments, such as leaking private information from an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Murtaza Nazir , Matthew Finlayson , John X. Morris , Xiang Ren , Swabha Swayamdipta

Large language models have demonstrated an impressive ability to perform factual recall. Prior work has found that transformers trained on factual recall tasks can store information at a rate proportional to their parameter count. In our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Eshaan Nichani , Jason D. Lee , Alberto Bietti

Modern language models are trained almost exclusively on token sequences produced by a fixed tokenizer, an external lossless compressor often over UTF-8 byte sequences, thereby coupling the model to that compressor. This work introduces…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Lin Zheng , Xinyu Li , Qian Liu , Xiachong Feng , Lingpeng Kong

Self-supervised learning has emerged as a key approach for learning generic representations from speech data. Despite promising results in downstream tasks such as speech recognition, speaker verification, and emotion recognition, a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Nakamasa Inoue , Shinta Otake , Takumi Hirose , Masanari Ohi , Rei Kawakami

Adapter-based tuning has recently arisen as an alternative to fine-tuning. It works by adding light-weight adapter modules to a pretrained language model (PrLM) and only updating the parameters of adapter modules when learning on a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-08 Ruidan He , Linlin Liu , Hai Ye , Qingyu Tan , Bosheng Ding , Liying Cheng , Jia-Wei Low , Lidong Bing , Luo Si

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success, yet recent findings reveal that their deeper layers often contribute minimally and can be pruned without affecting overall performance. While some view this as an opportunity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Pengxiang Li , Lu Yin , Shiwei Liu

Protein language models (pLMs) produce per-residue representations that capture evolutionary and structural information, yet their mean-pooled sequence embeddings are not explicitly trained to reflect functional, evolutionary or structural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Dan Ofer , Oriel Perets , Michal Linial , Nadav Rappoport

Transformer language models are neural networks used for a wide variety of tasks concerning natural language, including some that also require logical reasoning. However, a transformer model may easily learn spurious patterns in the data,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Daniel Enström , Viktor Kjellberg , Moa Johansson

The remarkable capability of Transformers to do reasoning and few-shot learning, without any fine-tuning, is widely conjectured to stem from their ability to implicitly simulate a multi-step algorithms -- such as gradient descent -- with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Khashayar Gatmiry , Nikunj Saunshi , Sashank J. Reddi , Stefanie Jegelka , Sanjiv Kumar

To bridge the gap between vision and language modalities, Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) usually learn an adapter that converts visual inputs to understandable tokens for Large Language Models (LLMs). However, most adapters…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Yue Zhang , Hehe Fan , Yi Yang

LLM deployment in critical domains is currently impeded by persistent hallucinations--generating plausible but factually incorrect assertions. While scaling laws drove significant improvements in general capabilities, theoretical frameworks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Jiayun Wu , Jiashuo Liu , Zhiyuan Zeng , Tianyang Zhan , Tianle Cai , Wenhao Huang

The pre-training of large language models (LLMs) relies on massive text datasets sourced from diverse and difficult-to-curate origins. Although membership inference attacks and hidden canaries have been explored to trace data usage, such…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Wassim Bouaziz , Mathurin Videau , Nicolas Usunier , El-Mahdi El-Mhamdi

Large language models deliver strong reasoning and tool-use skills, yet their computational demands make them impractical for edge or cost-sensitive deployments. We present \textbf{Xmodel-2.5}, a 1.3-billion-parameter small language model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Yang Liu , Xiaolong Zhong , Ling Jiang

Recently, prompt tuning \cite{lester2021power} has gradually become a new paradigm for NLP, which only depends on the representation of the words by freezing the parameters of pre-trained language models (PLMs) to obtain remarkable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-31 Pan He , Yuxi Chen , Yan Wang , Yanru Zhang