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The Model Context Protocol (MCP) introduces a structurally distinct attack surface that existing threat frameworks, designed for traditional software systems or generic LLM deployments, do not adequately cover. This paper presents MCP-38, a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Yi Ting Shen , Kentaroh Toyoda , Alex Leung

The Model Context Protocol (MCP), introduced by Anthropic in November 2024 and now governed by the Linux Foundation's Agentic AI Foundation, has rapidly become the de facto standard for connecting large language model (LLM)-based agents to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Nirajan Acharya , Gaurav Kumar Gupta

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has rapidly emerged as a universal standard for connecting AI assistants to external tools and data sources. While MCP simplifies integration between AI applications and various services, it introduces…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Charoes Huang , Xin Huang , Ngoc Phu Tran , Amin Milani Fard

The Model Context Protocol (MCP), introduced by Anthropic, provides a standardized framework for artificial intelligence (AI) systems to interact with external data sources and tools in real-time. While MCP offers significant advantages for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Vineeth Sai Narajala , Idan Habler

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is an emerging open standard that defines a unified, bi-directional communication and dynamic discovery protocol between AI models and external tools or resources, aiming to enhance interoperability and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Xinyi Hou , Yanjie Zhao , Shenao Wang , Haoyu Wang

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a universal standard that enables AI agents to seamlessly connect with external tools, significantly enhancing their functionality. However, while MCP brings notable benefits, it also…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yongjian Guo , Puzhuo Liu , Wanlun Ma , Zehang Deng , Xiaogang Zhu , Peng Di , Xi Xiao , Sheng Wen

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into real-world applications via the Model Context Protocol (MCP), a universal open standard for connecting AI agents with data sources and external tools. While MCP enhances the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Yixuan Yang , Cuifeng Gao , Daoyuan Wu , Yufan Chen , Yingjiu Li , Shuai Wang

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) replaces static, developer-controlled API integrations with more dynamic, user-driven agent systems, which also introduces new security risks. As MCP adoption grows across community servers and major…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Herman Errico , Jiquan Ngiam , Shanita Sojan

Agentic AI systems built around large language models (LLMs) are moving away from closed, single-model frameworks and toward open ecosystems that connect a variety of agents, external tools, and resources. The Model Context Protocol (MCP)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Xinyi Hou , Shenao Wang , Yifan Zhang , Ziluo Xue , Yanjie Zhao , Cai Fu , Haoyu Wang

To reduce development overhead and enable seamless integration between potential components comprising any given generative AI application, the Model Context Protocol (MCP) (Anthropic, 2024) has recently been released and subsequently…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Brandon Radosevich , John Halloran

By providing a standardized interface for LLM agents to interact with external tools, the Model Context Protocol (MCP) is quickly becoming a cornerstone of the modern autonomous agent ecosystem. However, it creates novel attack surfaces due…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Zhiqiang Wang , Yichao Gao , Yanting Wang , Suyuan Liu , Haifeng Sun , Haoran Cheng , Guanquan Shi , Haohua Du , Xiangyang Li

This paper identifies and analyzes a novel vulnerability class in Model Context Protocol (MCP) based agent systems. The attack chain describes and demonstrates how benign, individually authorized tasks can be orchestrated to produce harmful…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-28 David Noever

As Model Context Protocol (MCP) introduces an easy-to-use ecosystem for users and developers, it also brings underexplored safety risks. Its decentralized architecture, which separates clients and servers, poses unique challenges for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Huihao Jing , Haoran Li , Wenbin Hu , Qi Hu , Heli Xu , Tianshu Chu , Peizhao Hu , Yangqiu Song

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as a standardized interface enabling seamless integration between Large Language Models (LLMs) and external data sources and tools. While MCP significantly reduces development complexity and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Bin Wang , Zexin Liu , Hao Yu , Ao Yang , Yenan Huang , Jing Guo , Huangsheng Cheng , Hui Li , Huiyu Wu

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) standardizes tool use for LLM-based agents and enable third-party servers. This openness introduces a security misalignment: agents implicitly trust tools exposed by potentially untrusted MCP servers.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Zhenhong Zhou , Yuanhe Zhang , Hongwei Cai , Moayad Aloqaily , Ouns Bouachir , Linsey Pang , Prakhar Mehrotra , Kun Wang , Qingsong Wen

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable performance, they remain vulnerable to jailbreak. The integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) with external tools via protocols such as the Model Context Protocol (MCP)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Wenpeng Xing , Zhonghao Qi , Yupeng Qin , Yilin Li , Caini Chang , Jiahui Yu , Changting Lin , Zhenzhen Xie , Meng Han

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has emerged as the de facto standard for connecting Large Language Models (LLMs) to external data and tools, effectively functioning as the "USB-C for Agentic AI." While this decoupling of context and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Shiva Gaire , Srijan Gyawali , Saroj Mishra , Suman Niroula , Dilip Thakur , Umesh Yadav

Although Foundation Models (FMs), such as GPT-4, are increasingly used in domains like finance and software engineering, reliance on textual interfaces limits these models' real-world interaction. To address this, FM providers introduced a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Mohammed Mehedi Hasan , Hao Li , Emad Fallahzadeh , Gopi Krishnan Rajbahadur , Bram Adams , Ahmed E. Hassan

To standardize interactions between LLM-based agents and their environments, the Model Context Protocol (MCP) was proposed and has since been widely adopted. However, integrating external tools expands the attack surface, exposing agents to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Ruiqi Li , Zhiqiang Wang , Yunhao Yao , Xiang-Yang Li

Model Context Protocol (MCP) servers have rapidly emerged over the past year as a widely adopted way to enable Large Language Model (LLM) agents to access dynamic, real-world tools. As MCP servers proliferate and become easy to adopt via…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Pratyay Kumar , Miguel Antonio Guirao Aguilera , Srikathyayani Srikanteswara , Satyajayant Misra , Abu Saleh Md Tayeen
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