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We define the entanglement-gradient routing scheme for quantum repeater networks. The routing framework fuses the fundamentals of swarm intelligence and quantum Shannon theory. Swarm intelligence provides nature-inspired solutions for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-24 Laszlo Gyongyosi , Sandor Imre

In quantum networks, effective entanglement routing facilitates remote entanglement communication between quantum source and quantum destination nodes. Unlike routing in classical networks, entanglement routing in quantum networks must…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-04-11 Rakpong Kaewpuang , Minrui Xu , Stephen John Turner , Dusit Niyato , Han Yu , Dong In Kim

Quantum repeater networks distribute entanglement over lossy links while many users share a limited pool of entangled pairs. Most existing routing schemes either always use a single best path or rely on global optimizations that are hard to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-31 Ankit Mishra , Kang Hao Cheong

Remote quantum entanglement can enable numerous applications including distributed quantum computation, secure communication, and precision sensing. In this paper, we consider how a quantum network-nodes equipped with limited quantum…

Entanglement routing establishes remote entanglement connection between two arbitrary nodes, which is one of the most important functions in quantum networks. The existing routing mechanisms mainly improve the robustness and throughput…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-23 Jian Li , Mingjun Wang , Qidong Jia , Kaiping Xue , Nenghai Yu , Qibin Sun , Jun Lu

A quantum network promises to enable long distance quantum communication, and assemble small quantum devices into a large quantum computing cluster. Each network node can thereby be seen as a small few qubit quantum computer. Qubits can be…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2016-10-18 Eddie Schoute , Laura Mancinska , Tanvirul Islam , Iordanis Kerenidis , Stephanie Wehner

We consider multi-path routing of entanglement in quantum networks, where a pre-prepared multipartite entangled 2D cluster state serves as a resource to perform different tasks on demand. We show how to achieve parallel connections between…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-12 Julia Freund , Alexander Pirker , Wolfgang Dür

Entanglement generation in long-distance quantum networks is a difficult process due to resource limitations and the probabilistic nature of entanglement swapping. To maximize success probability, existing quantum routing algorithms employ…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-15 Tasdiqul Islam , Md Arifuzzaman , Engin Arslan

Quantum communication between distant parties is based on suitable instances of shared entanglement. For efficiency reasons, in an anticipated quantum network beyond point-to-point communication, it is preferable that many parties can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-07-14 F. Hahn , A. Pappa , J. Eisert

Quantum routing, the entanglement of an input quantum signal over multiple output paths, will be an important aspect of future quantum networks. Implementation of such routing in emerging quantum networks via the noisy quantum devices…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-10 Wenbo Shi , Robert Malaney

Optimal routing is a fundamental challenge in quantum networking, with several approaches proposed to identify the most efficient path for end-to-end (e2e) entanglement generation between pairs of nodes. In this paper, we show that…

Entanglement, one of the clearest manifestations of non-classical physics, holds significant promise for technological applications such as more secure communications and faster computations. In this paper we explore the use of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-14 Karl Pelka , Matteo Aquilina , André Xuereb

The quantum internet holds transformative potential for global communication by harnessing the principles of quantum information processing. Despite significant advancements in quantum communication technologies, the efficient distribution…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-06 Lamarana Jallow , Majid Iqbal Khan

Quantum multi-hop teleportation is important in the field of quantum communication. In this study, we propose a quantum multi-hop communication model and a quantum routing protocol with multi-hop teleportation for wireless mesh backbone…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-09 Pei-Ying Xiong , Xu-Tao Yu , Zai-Chen Zhang , Hai-Tao Zhan , Jing-Yu Hua

Quantum repeaters have promised efficient scaling of quantum networks for over two decades. Despite numerous platforms proclaiming functional repeaters, the realization of large-scale networks remains elusive, indicating that the resources…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-27 Manik Dawar , Ralf Riedinger , Nilesh Vyas , Paulo Mendes

To implement arbitrary quantum circuits in architectures with restricted interactions, one may effectively simulate all-to-all connectivity by routing quantum information. We consider the entanglement dynamics and routing between two…

We present a stack model for breaking down the complexity of entanglement-based quantum networks. More specifically, we focus on the structures and architectures of quantum networks and not on concrete physical implementations of network…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-03-27 A. Pirker , W. Dür

Quantum networks rely on the efficient distribution of entanglement to enable long-distance quantum communication and information processing. A key challenge in these networks is the design of routing protocols capable of maintaining high…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Javier Vecino Peñas , Ana Fernández-Vilas , Rebeca P. Díaz-Redondo , Sergio Gándara Gándara , Manuel Fernández-Veiga

Discrete-time quantum walks provide a natural framework for quantum transport on complex networks. On regular structures, coin-walker entanglement has been widely used to characterize quantum transport and to support quantum algorithmic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-04 Pravy Prerana , Sascha Wald

The topology of classical networks is determined by physical links between nodes, and after a network request the links are used to establish the desired connections. Quantum networks offer the possibility to generate different kinds of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-15 Jorge Miguel-Ramiro , Alexander Pirker , Wolfgang Dür