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The term active matter describes diverse systems, spanning macroscopic (e.g. shoals of fish and flocks of birds) to microscopic scales (e.g. migrating cells, motile bacteria and gels formed through the interaction of nanoscale molecular…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2010-03-11 Gautam I. Menon

This paper is a first step to chase the ambitious objective of developing a mathmatical theory of living systems. The contents refer modeling large systems of interacting living entities with the aim of describing their collective behaviors…

Active particles contain internal degrees of freedom with the ability to take in and dissipate energy and, in the process, execute systematic movement. Examples include all living organisms and their motile constituents such as molecular…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2015-05-18 Sriram Ramaswamy

The study of systems with sustained energy uptake and dissipation at the scale of the constituent particles is an area of central interest in nonequilibrium statistical physics. Identifying such systems as a distinct category -- Active…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2017-06-07 Sriram Ramaswamy

Active glassy matter has recently emerged as a novel class of non-equilibrium soft matter, combining energy-driven, active particle movement with dense and disordered glass-like behavior. Here we review the state-of-the-art in this field…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2019-10-02 Liesbeth M. C. Janssen

These lecture notes are designed to provide a brief introduction into the phenomenology of active matter and to present some of the analytical tools used to rationalize the emergent behavior of active systems. Such systems are made of…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2018-07-02 Étienne Fodor , M. Cristina Marchetti

Planktonic active matter represents an emergent system spanning different scales: individual, population and community; and complexity arising from sub-cellular and cellular to collective and ecosystem scale dynamics. This cross-scale…

Biological Physics · Physics 2023-01-24 Anupam Sengupta

The ability of many living systems to actively self-propel underlies critical biomedical, environmental, and industrial processes. While such active transport is well-studied in uniform settings, environmental complexities such as geometric…

Biological Physics · Physics 2021-08-23 Alejandro Martínez-Calvo , Carolina Trenado-Yuste , Sujit S. Datta

In this review we summarize theoretical progress in the field of active matter, placing it in the context of recent experiments. Our approach offers a unified framework for the mechanical and statistical properties of living matter:…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2012-07-13 M. C. Marchetti , J. -F. Joanny , S. Ramaswamy , T. B. Liverpool , J. Prost , Madan Rao , R. Aditi Simha

The field of active matter explores the behaviors of self propelled agents out of equilibrium, with active suspensions, such as swimming bacteria in solutions, serving as impactful models. These systems exhibit spatio-temporal patterns akin…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2025-08-26 Pratikshya Jena , Shradha Mishra

We introduce and study a class of active matter models in which we keep track of fuel (stored energy) consumption. They are by construction, thermodynamically consistent. Using these models it is possible for us to observe and follow how…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2025-07-22 Tanniemola B. Liverpool , Kristian K. Müller-Nedebock , Xichen Chao , Chang Yuan

Active matter comprises individual units that convert energy into mechanical motion. In many examples, such as bacterial systems and biofilament assays, constituent units are elongated and can give rise to local nematic orientational order.…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2020-11-17 He Li , Xia-qing Shi , Mingji Huang , Xiao Chen , Mingfeng Xiao , Chenli Liu , Hugues Chate , H. P. Zhang

Active matter is a term encompassing particle-based assemblies with some form of self-propulsion, including certain biological systems as well as synthetic systems such as artificial colloidal swimmers, all of which can exhibit a remarkable…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2024-04-23 C. Reichhardt , A. Libal , C. J. O. Reichhardt

Collective motion of self-propelled organisms or synthetic particles often termed active fluid has attracted enormous attention in broad scientific community because of it fundamentally non-equilibrium nature. Energy input and interactions…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2014-03-05 Shuang Zhou , Andrey Sokolov , Oleg D Lavrentovich , Igor S Aranson

Active matter classifies systems consisting of self-propelled units which convert the energy stored locally or extracted from their environment into directed motion. It has recently attracted considerable attention due to rich new physics…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2026-04-09 Volodymyr Nosenko

Densely packed, motile bacteria can adopt collective states not seen in conventional, passive materials. These states remain in many ways mysterious, and their physical characterization can aid our understanding of natural bacterial…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-06-18 Hisay Lama , Masahiro J. Yamamoto , Yujiro Furuta , Takuro Shimaya , Kazumasa A. Takeuchi

Active systems, or active matter, are self-driven systems which live, or function, far from equilibrium - a paradigmatic example which we focus on here is provided by a suspension of self-motile particles. Active systems are far from…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2015-05-19 Giuseppe Gonnella , Davide Marenduzzo , Antonio Suma , Adriano Tiribocchi

Active matter is a new class of material, intrinsically out-of equilibrium with intriguing properties. So far, the recent upsurge of studies has mostly focused on the spontaneous behavior of these systems --in the absence of external…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2016-09-28 Nicolas Waisbord , Christopher Lefevre , Lyderic Bocquet , Christophe Ybert , Cecile Cottin-Bizonne

Active matter systems such as eukaryotic cells and bacteria continuously transform chemical energy to motion. Hence living systems exert active stresses on the complex environments in which they reside. One recurring aspect of this…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2020-02-27 Emmanuel Lance Christopher VI M. Plan , Julia Yeomans , Amin Doostmohammadi

Active matter is not only indispensable to our understanding of diverse biological processes, but also provides a fertile ground for discovering novel physics. Many emergent properties impossible for equilibrium systems have been…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2022-05-27 Thibault Bertrand , Chiu Fan Lee
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