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Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) technology has emerged as a promising enabler for next-generation wireless networks, offering a paradigm shift from passive environments to programmable radio wave propagation. Despite the potential…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Wali Ullah Khan , Chandan Kumar Sheemar , Eva Lagunas , Symeon Chatzinotas

Beyond diagonal intelligent reflecting surface (BD-IRS) is a new promising IRS architecture for which the reflection matrix is not limited to the diagonal structure as for conventional IRS. In this paper, we study a BD-IRS aided uplink…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Shuo Zheng , Shuowen Zhang

A beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) is an innovative type of reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) that has recently been proposed and is considered a revolutionary advancement in wave manipulation. Unlike the…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Abd Ullah Khan , Uman Khalid , Trung Q. Duong , Hyundong Shin

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS)-empowered communication is a revolutionary technology that enables to manipulate wireless propagation environment via smartly controllable low-cost reflecting surfaces. However, in order to…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Zehra Yigit , Ertugrul Basar , Ibrahim Altunbas

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has been envisioned as a key technology in future wireless communication networks to enable smart radio environment. To further enhance the passive beamforming capability of RIS, beyond diagonal…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-22 Ziang Liu , Hongyu Li , Bruno Clerckx

This letter focuses on a transmitter or base station (BS) side beyond-diagonal reflecting intelligent surface (BD-RIS) deployment strategy to enhance the spectral efficiency (SE) of a time-division-duplex massive multiple-input…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-20 Anup Mishra , Yijie Mao , Carmen D'Andrea , Stefano Buzzi , Bruno Clerckx

Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) has been receiving a notable interest as an energy- and spectrum-efficient enabler for simultaneous communication and sensing. Notably, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) is among the key…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Elmehdi Illi , Marwa Qaraqe

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is a key technology to control the communication environment in future wireless networks. Recently, beyond diagonal RIS (BD-RIS) emerged as a generalization of RIS achieving larger coverage through…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Matteo Nerini , Golsa Ghiaasi , Bruno Clerckx

Written by its inventors, this first tutorial on Beyond-Diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (BD-RISs) provides the readers with the basics and fundamental tools necessary to appreciate, understand, and contribute to this emerging…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-23 Hongyu Li , Matteo Nerini , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs) have recently gained attention as an enhancement to conventional RISs. BD-RISs allow optimizing not only the phase, but also the amplitude responses of their discrete surface…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-27 Atso Iivanainen , Robin Rajamäki , Visa Koivunen

Radio frequency (RF) wireless power transfer (WPT) is promising for promoting sustainability in future wireless systems, but its low end-to-end power transfer efficiency is a critical challenge. For this, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-06 Amirhossein Azarbahram , Onel L. A. López , Bruno Clerckx , Marco Di Renzo , Matti Latva-aho

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is regarded as a promising technology with great potential to boost wireless networks. Affected by the "double fading" effect, however, conventional passive RIS cannot bring considerable performance…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-06 Qi Zhu , Ming Li , Rang Liu , Yang Liu , Qian Liu

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) is a promising solution to reconfigure the wireless environment in a controllable way. To compensate for the double-fading attenuation in the RIS-aided link, a large number of passive reflecting…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Ruizhe Long , Ying-Chang Liang , Yiyang Pei , Erik G. Larsson

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) have emerged as a cost- and energy-efficient technology that can customize and program the physical propagation environment by reflecting radio waves in preferred directions. However, the purely…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-21 Nhan Thanh Nguyen , Jiguang He , Van-Dinh Nguyen , Henk Wymeersch , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng , Robert Schober , Symeon Chatzinotas , Markku Juntti

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is a promising technology for future wireless communication systems. Conventional RIS is constrained to a diagonal scattering matrix, which limits its flexibility. Recently, beyond-diagonal RIS…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-17 Zheyu Wu , Matteo Nerini , Bruno Clerckx

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) have introduced unprecedented flexibility and adaptability toward smart wireless channels. Recent research on integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) systems has demonstrated that RIS platforms…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-27 Tara Esmaeilbeig , Kumar Vijay Mishra , Mojtaba Soltanalian

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has been deemed as one of potential components of future wireless communication systems because it can adaptively manipulate the wireless propagation environment with low-cost passive devices.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-28 Yanan Ma , Ming Li , Yang Liu , Qingqing Wu , Qian Liu

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has drawn considerable attention from the research society recently, which creates favorable propagation conditions by controlling the phase shifts of the reflected waves at the surface, thereby…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-11-01 Boya Di , Hongliang Zhang , Lingyang Song , Yonghui Li , Zhu Han , H. Vincent Poor

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RIS) have emerged as a promising technology for 6G wireless networks, offering more advanced control over electromagnetic wave propagation than conventional diagonal RIS. This paper…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-01 Kexin Chen , Yijie Mao , Wonjae Shin

This work investigates the application of Beyond Diagonal Intelligent Reflective Surface (BD-IRS) to enhance THz downlink communication systems, operating in a hybrid: reflective and transmissive mode, to simultaneously provide services to…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-10 Asad Mahmood , Thang X. Vu , Symeon Chatzinotas , Björn Ottersten