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To mitigate the high inference latency stemming from autoregressive decoding in Large Language Models (LLMs), Speculative Decoding has emerged as a novel decoding paradigm for LLM inference. In each decoding step, this method first drafts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-05 Heming Xia , Zhe Yang , Qingxiu Dong , Peiyi Wang , Yongqi Li , Tao Ge , Tianyu Liu , Wenjie Li , Zhifang Sui

Retrieval-augmented language models (RaLM) have demonstrated the potential to solve knowledge-intensive natural language processing (NLP) tasks by combining a non-parametric knowledge base with a parametric language model. Instead of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-26 Zhihao Zhang , Alan Zhu , Lijie Yang , Yihua Xu , Lanting Li , Phitchaya Mangpo Phothilimthana , Zhihao Jia

The immense model sizes of large language models (LLMs) challenge deployment on memory-limited consumer GPUs. Although model compression and parameter offloading are common strategies to address memory limitations, compression can degrade…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Pei-Shuo Wang , Jian-Jia Chen , Chun-Che Yang , Chi-Chih Chang , Ning-Chi Huang , Mohamed S. Abdelfattah , Kai-Chiang Wu

Large language model (LLM) agents rely on external tools to solve complex tasks, but real-world toolsets often contain redundant tools with overlapping names and descriptions, introducing ambiguity and reducing selection accuracy. LLMs also…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Marianne Menglin Liu , Daniel Garcia , Fjona Parllaku , Vikas Upadhyay , Syed Fahad Allam Shah , Dan Roth

The past few years have witnessed a growing interest in LLM-based recommender systems (RSs), although their industrial deployment remains in a preliminary stage. Most existing deployments leverage LLMs offline as feature enhancers,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Yunjia Xi , Hangyu Wang , Bo Chen , Jianghao Lin , Menghui Zhu , Weiwen Liu , Ruiming Tang , Zhewei Wei , Weinan Zhang , Yong Yu

Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly rely on reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) to elicit reliable chain-of-thought reasoning. However, the training process remains bottlenecked by the computationally expensive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Bingshuai Liu , Ante Wang , Zijun Min , Liang Yao , Haibo Zhang , Yang Liu , Xu Han , Peng Li , Anxiang Zeng , Jinsong Su

Quantization is widely adopted to accelerate inference and reduce memory consumption in large language models (LLMs). While activation-weight joint quantization enables efficient low-precision decoding, it suffers from substantial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Juntao Zhao , Wenhao Lu , Sheng Wang , Lingpeng Kong , Chuan Wu

Speculative decoding accelerates LLM inference by using a smaller draft model to speculate tokens that a larger target model verifies. Verification is often the bottleneck (e.g. verification is $4\times$ slower than token generation when a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Avinash Kumar , Sujay Sanghavi , Poulami Das

Speculative decoding is an effective and lossless method for Large Language Model (LLM) inference acceleration. It employs a smaller model to generate a draft token sequence, which is then verified by the original base model. In multi-GPU…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Yize Wu , Ke Gao , Ling Li , Yanjun Wu

As large language models (LLMs) scale up, accuracy improves, but the autoregressive (AR) nature of decoding increases latency since each token requires a serial forward pass. Speculative decoding addresses this by employing a fast drafter…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Guanghao Li , Zhihui Fu , Min Fang , Qibin Zhao , Ming Tang , Chun Yuan , Jun Wang

To reduce the latency associated with autoretrogressive LLM inference, speculative decoding has emerged as a novel decoding paradigm, where future tokens are drafted and verified in parallel. However, the practical deployment of speculative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Shwetha Somasundaram , Anirudh Phukan , Apoorv Saxena

While integrating external tools into large language models (LLMs) enhances their ability to access real-time information and domain-specific services, existing approaches focus narrowly on functional tool selection following user…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Zihao Cheng , Hongru Wang , Zeming Liu , Yuhang Guo , Yuanfang Guo , Yunhong Wang , Haifeng Wang

Recent advances with large language models (LLM) illustrate their diverse capabilities. We propose a novel algorithm, staged speculative decoding, to accelerate LLM inference in small-batch, on-device scenarios. We address the low…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-10 Benjamin Spector , Chris Re

Tree-search-based reasoning methods have significantly enhanced the reasoning capability of large language models (LLMs) by facilitating the exploration of multiple intermediate reasoning steps, i.e., thoughts. However, these methods suffer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zhihai Wang , Jie Wang , Jilai Pan , Xilin Xia , Huiling Zhen , Mingxuan Yuan , Jianye Hao , Feng Wu

Recent advancements in function calling and tool use have significantly enhanced the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) by enabling them to interact with external information sources and execute complex tasks. However, the limited…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Suhong Moon , Siddharth Jha , Lutfi Eren Erdogan , Sehoon Kim , Woosang Lim , Kurt Keutzer , Amir Gholami

The demand for large language model inference is rapidly increasing. Pipeline parallelism offers a cost-effective deployment strategy for distributed inference but suffers from high service latency. While incorporating speculative decoding…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Haofei Yin , Mengbai Xiao , Tinghong Li , Xiao Zhang , Dongxiao Yu , Guanghui Zhang

We introduce CopySpec, a simple yet effective technique to tackle the inefficiencies LLMs face when generating responses that closely resemble previous outputs or responses that can be verbatim extracted from context. CopySpec identifies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Razvan-Gabriel Dumitru , Minglai Yang , Vikas Yadav , Mihai Surdeanu

Vision-language models (VLMs) have demonstrated strong capabilities in multimodal perception and reasoning. However, deploying large VLMs on mobile devices remains challenging due to their substantial computational and memory demands. A…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Yuanyuan Jia , Shunpu Tang , Qianqian Yang

Speculative decoding accelerates inference in large language models (LLMs) by generating draft tokens for target model verification. Current approaches for obtaining draft tokens rely on lightweight draft models or additional model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Guofeng Quan , Wenfeng Feng , Chuzhan Hao , Guochao Jiang , Yuewei Zhang , Hao Wang

Speculative Decoding is a widely used technique to speed up inference for Large Language Models (LLMs) without sacrificing quality. When performing inference, speculative decoding uses a smaller draft model to generate speculative tokens…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Minghao Yan , Saurabh Agarwal , Shivaram Venkataraman