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Heterogeneous treatment effects (HTE) based on patients' genetic or clinical factors are of significant interest to precision medicine. Simultaneously modeling HTE and corresponding main effects for randomized clinical trials with…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-02-06 Heng Chen , Michael L. LeBlanc , James Y. Dai

In this paper, we address the issue of estimating and inferring distributional treatment effects in randomized experiments. The distributional treatment effect provides a more comprehensive understanding of treatment heterogeneity compared…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-01-15 Tatsushi Oka , Shota Yasui , Yuta Hayakawa , Undral Byambadalai

With a large number of baseline covariates, we propose a new semi-parametric modeling strategy for heterogeneous treatment effect estimation and individualized treatment selection, which are two major goals in personalized medicine. We…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-12 Wenchuan Guo , Xiao-hua Zhou , Shujie Ma

Adaptive designs are commonly used in clinical and drug development studies for optimum utilization of available resources. In this article, we consider the problem of estimating the effect of the selected (better) treatment using a…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-01-24 Masihuddin , Neeraj Misra

In this paper, we consider the coefficient-based regularized distribution regression which aims to regress from probability measures to real-valued responses over a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS), where the regularization is put on…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-08-29 Yuan Mao , Lei Shi , Zheng-Chu Guo

Important questions for impact evaluation require knowledge not only of average effects, but of the distribution of treatment effects. The inability to observe individual counterfactuals makes answering these empirical questions…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-05-25 Bruno Fava

Empirical studies using Regression Discontinuity (RD) designs often explore heterogeneous treatment effects based on pretreatment covariates, even though no formal statistical methods exist for such analyses. This has led to the widespread…

Propensity score trimming, which discards subjects with propensity scores below a threshold, is a common way to address positivity violations that complicate causal effect estimation. However, most works on trimming assume treatment is…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-31 Zach Branson , Edward H. Kennedy , Sivaraman Balakrishnan , Larry Wasserman

Multi-Regional Clinical Trials (MRCTs) play a central role in the development of new therapies by enabling the simultaneous evaluation of drug efficacy and safety across diverse global populations. Assessing the consistency of treatment…

Applications · Statistics 2026-02-10 Kunhai Qing , Xinru Ren , Jin Xu , Menggang Yu

We focus on the distribution regression problem: regressing to a real-valued response from a probability distribution. Although there exist a large number of similarity measures between distributions, very little is known about their…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2015-01-28 Zoltan Szabo , Arthur Gretton , Barnabas Poczos , Bharath Sriperumbudur

Causal inference problems often involve continuous treatments, such as dose, duration, or frequency. However, identifying and estimating standard dose-response estimands requires that everyone has some chance of receiving any level of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-28 Kyle Schindl , Shuying Shen , Edward H. Kennedy

Beyond conditional average treatment effects, treatments may impact the entire outcome distribution in covariate-dependent ways, for example, by altering the variance or tail risks for specific subpopulations. We propose a novel estimand to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-18 Saksham Jain , Alex Luedtke

Specifications that impose constant treatment effects are common but biased, while fully flexible alternatives can be imprecise or infeasible. Under a bound on treatment effect heterogeneity, we propose a generalized ridge estimator,…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-04-07 Soonwoo Kwon , Liyang Sun

The strata-specific treatment effect or so-called blip for a randomly drawn strata of confounders defines a random variable and a corresponding cumulative distribution function. However, the CDF is not pathwise differentiable, necessitating…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-12-31 Jonathan Levy , Mark van der Laan

The causal effect of a treatment can vary from person to person based on their individual characteristics and predispositions. Mining for patterns of individual-level effect differences, a problem known as heterogeneous treatment effect…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-04 Christopher Tran , Elena Zheleva

We identify the average dose-response function (ADRF) for a continuously valued error-contaminated treatment by a weighted conditional expectation. We then estimate the weights nonparametrically by maximising a local generalised empirical…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-11-30 Wei Huang , Zheng Zhang

Reinforcement learning utilizing kernel ridge regression to predict the expected value function represents a powerful method with great representational capacity. This setting is a highly versatile framework amenable to analytical results.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Sattar Vakili , Julia Olkhovskaya

We study identification and estimation of the average treatment effect in a correlated random coefficients model that allows for first stage heterogeneity and binary instruments. The model also allows for multiple endogenous variables and…

Methodology · Statistics 2014-01-03 Matthew A. Masten , Alexander Torgovitsky

The Average Treatment Effect (ATE) is a global measure of the effectiveness of an experimental treatment intervention. Classical methods of its estimation either ignore relevant covariates or do not fully exploit them. Moreover, past work…

Methodology · Statistics 2013-11-05 Emil Pitkin , Richard Berk , Lawrence Brown , Andreas Buja , Ed George , Kai Zhang , Linda Zhao

We develop a marginal treatment effect based method to learn about causal effects in multiple treatment models with discrete instruments. We allow selection into treatment to be governed by a general class of threshold crossing models that…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-01-21 Vishal Kamat , Samuel Norris , Matthew Pecenco