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Quantum key distribution (QKD) allows two spatially separated parties to securely generate a cryptographic key. The first QKD protocol, published by C. H. Bennett and G. Brassard in 1984 (BB84), describes how this is achieved by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-03-13 Olli Ahonen

The security of conventional cryptography systems is threatened in the forthcoming era of quantum computers. Quantum key distribution (QKD) features fundamentally proven security and offers a promising option for quantum-proof cryptography…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-29 Nurul T. Islam , Charles Ci Wen Lim , Clinton Cahall , Jungsang Kim , Daniel J. Gauthier

Quantum key distribution using three states in equiangular configuration combines a security threshold comparable with the one of the Bennett-Brassard 1984 protocol and a quantum bit error rate (QBER) estimation that does not need to reveal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-02 Matteo Schiavon , Giuseppe Vallone , Paolo Villoresi

An on-demand source of bright entangled photon pairs is desirable for quantum key distribution (QKD) and quantum repeaters. The leading candidate to generate entangled photon pairs is based on spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC)…

Practical quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols require a finite-size security proof. The phase error correction (PEC) approach is one of the general strategies for security analyses that has successfully proved finite-size security for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-15 Takaya Matsuura , Shinichiro Yamano , Yui Kuramochi , Toshihiko Sasaki , Masato Koashi

Encoding in a high-dimensional Hilbert space improves noise resilience in quantum information processing. This approach, however, may result in cross-mode coupling and detection complexities, thereby reducing quantum cryptography…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-30 Amit Kam , Kfir Sulimany , Shai Tsesses , Uzi Pereg

Quantum key distribution (QKD) has been developed within the last decade that is provably secure against arbitrary computing power, and even against quantum computer attacks. Now there is a strong need of research to exploit this technology…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2009-01-30 Muhammad Mubashir Khan , Salahuddin Hyder , Mahmood K Pathan , Kashif H Sheikh

We consider discrete-alphabet encoding schemes for coherent-state quantum key distribution. The sender encodes the letters of a finite-size alphabet into coherent states whose amplitudes are symmetrically distributed on a circle centered in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-02 Panagiotis Papanastasiou , Cosmo Lupo , Christian Weedbrook , Stefano Pirandola

Coherent measurement of quantum signals used for continuous-variable (CV) quantum key distribution (QKD) across satellite-to-ground channels requires compensation of phase wavefront distortions caused by atmospheric turbulence. One…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-13 Nathan K. Long , Robert Malaney , Kenneth J. Grant

We report two key distribution schemes achieved by swapping quantum entanglement. Using two Bell states, two bits of secret key can be shared between two distant parties that play symmetric and equal roles. We also address eavesdropping…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Daegene Song

We present a scheme to realize a quantum key distribution using vacuum-one photon entangled states created both from Alice and Bob. The protocol consists in an exchange of spatial modes between Alice and Bob and in a recombination which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Gian Luca Giorgi

We analyze an entanglement-based quantum key distribution (QKD) architecture that uses a linear chain of quantum repeaters employing photon-pair sources, spectral-multiplexing, linear-optic Bell-state measurements, multi-mode quantum…

Achieving robust and scalable remote quantum entanglement is a fundamental challenge for the development of distributed quantum networks and modular quantum computing systems. Along this, perfect state transfer (PST) and fractional state…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is nowadays a well established method for generating secret keys at a distance in an information-theoretic secure way, as the secrecy of QKD relies on the laws of quantum physics and not computational…

We investigate quantum repeater protocols based upon atomic qubit-entanglement distribution through optical coherent-state communication. Various measurement schemes for an optical mode entangled with two spatially separated atomic qubits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-12-14 Peter van Loock , Norbert Lütkenhaus , W. J. Munro , Kae Nemoto

Quantum key distribution(QKD) is one of the most significant areas in quantum information theory. For nearly four decades, substantial QKD schemes are developed. In early years, the security of QKD protocols is depend on switching different…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-12 Hao Shu

Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables unconditionally secure communication guaranteed by the laws of physics. The last decades have seen tremendous efforts in making this technology feasible under real-life conditions, with implementations…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-14 Sebastian Philipp Neumann , Domenico Ribezzo , Martin Bohmann , Rupert Ursin

Quantum key distribution allows remote parties to generate information-theoretic secure keys. The bottleneck throttling its real-life applications lies in the limited communication distance and key generation speed, due to the fact that the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-24 Xiongfeng Ma , Pei Zeng , Hongyi Zhou

We present a quantum secure imaging (QSI) scheme based on the phase encoding and weak + vacuum decoy-state BB84 protocol of quantum key distribution (QKD). It allows us to implement a computational ghost imaging (CGI) system with more…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-03 Yi-Bo Zhao , Wan-Li Zhang , Dong Wang , Xiao-Tian Song , Liang-Jiang Zhou , Chi-Biao Ding

Realizing large-scale quantum networks requires the generation of high-fidelity quantum entanglement states between remote quantum nodes, a key resource for quantum communication, distributed computation and sensing applications. However,…

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