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Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) based on Large Language Models (LLMs) is a powerful solution to understand and query the industry's closed-source documents. However, basic RAG often struggles with complex QA tasks in legal and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Huifeng Lin , Gang Su , Jintao Liang , You Wu , Rui Zhao , Ziyue Li

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has become a widely adopted approach to enhance Large Language Models (LLMs) by incorporating external knowledge and reducing hallucinations. However, noisy or irrelevant documents are often introduced…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Jingyu Liu , Jiaen Lin , Yong Liu

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have made remarkable achievements in various domains. However, the untimeliness and cost of knowledge updates coupled with hallucination issues of LLMs have curtailed their applications in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Chunjing Gan , Dan Yang , Binbin Hu , Hanxiao Zhang , Siyuan Li , Ziqi Liu , Yue Shen , Lin Ju , Zhiqiang Zhang , Jinjie Gu , Lei Liang , Jun Zhou

Large Language Models (LLMs) struggle with knowledge-intensive tasks due to hallucinations and fragmented reasoning over dispersed information. While Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) grounds generation in external sources, existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Cheng-Yen Li , Xuanjun Chen , Claire Lin , Wei-Yu Chen , Wenhua Nie , Hung-Yi Lee , Jyh-Shing Roger Jang

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning has emerged as a powerful technique for enhancing large language models' capabilities by generating intermediate reasoning steps for complex tasks. A common practice for equipping LLMs with reasoning is to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Harsh Chaudhari , Ethan Rathbun , Hanna Foerster , Jamie Hayes , Matthew Jagielski , Milad Nasr , Ilia Shumailov , Alina Oprea

LLMs demonstrate performance comparable to human abilities in complex tasks such as mathematical reasoning, but their robustness in mathematical reasoning under minor input perturbations still lacks systematic investigation. Existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Zhishen Sun , Guang Dai , Haishan Ye

The wide-ranging applications of large language models (LLMs), especially in safety-critical domains, necessitate the proper evaluation of the LLM's adversarial robustness. This paper proposes an efficient tool to audit the LLM's…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-10-23 Xilie Xu , Keyi Kong , Ning Liu , Lizhen Cui , Di Wang , Jingfeng Zhang , Mohan Kankanhalli

Security applications are increasingly relying on large language models (LLMs) for cyber threat detection; however, their opaque reasoning often limits trust, particularly in decisions that require domain-specific cybersecurity knowledge.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Arnabh Borah , Md Tanvirul Alam , Nidhi Rastogi

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) increasingly underpins high-stakes applications, yet remains vulnerable to Confundo-style poisoning where adversarially optimized documents manipulate generated outputs. Existing defenses assume that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Zhe Yu , Wenpeng Xing , Gaolei Li , Shuguang Xiong , Hongzhi Wang , Xuyang Teng , Meng Han

With the rise of advanced reasoning capabilities, large language models (LLMs) are receiving increasing attention. However, although reasoning improves LLMs' performance on downstream tasks, it also introduces new security risks, as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Man Hu , Xinyi Wu , Zuofeng Suo , Jinbo Feng , Linghui Meng , Yanhao Jia , Anh Tuan Luu , Shuai Zhao

Accurately identifying adversarial techniques in security texts is critical for effective cyber defense. However, existing methods face a fundamental trade-off: they either rely on generic models with limited domain precision or require…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Ahmed Lekssays , Utsav Shukla , Husrev Taha Sencar , Md Rizwan Parvez

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a key means to effectively enhance large language models (LLMs) in many knowledge-based tasks. However, existing RAG methods struggle with knowledge-intensive reasoning tasks, because useful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Zhuoqun Li , Xuanang Chen , Haiyang Yu , Hongyu Lin , Yaojie Lu , Qiaoyu Tang , Fei Huang , Xianpei Han , Le Sun , Yongbin Li

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances Large Language Models (LLMs) by connecting them to external knowledge, improving accuracy and reducing outdated information. However, this introduces challenges such as factual inconsistencies,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Armin Gerami , Kazem Faghih , Ramani Duraiswami

Retrieval-Augmented Generation has shown remarkable results to address Large Language Models' hallucinations, which usually uses a large external corpus to supplement knowledge to LLMs. However, with the development of LLMs, the internal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Qi Luo , Xiaonan Li , Junqi Dai , Shuang Cheng , Xipeng Qiu

Large Language Models (LLMs) gain substantial reasoning and decision-making capabilities from thought structures. However, existing methods such as Tree of Thought and Retrieval Augmented Thoughts often fall short in complex tasks due to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Jinghan Zhang , Xiting Wang , Weijieying Ren , Lu Jiang , Dongjie Wang , Kunpeng Liu

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing (NLP), particularly through Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), which enhances LLM capabilities by integrating external knowledge. However, traditional RAG…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Nengbo Wang , Xiaotian Han , Jagdip Singh , Jing Ma , Vipin Chaudhary

Graph-based Retrieval-Augmented Generation (GraphRAG) has recently emerged as a promising paradigm for enhancing large language models (LLMs) by converting raw text into structured knowledge graphs, improving both accuracy and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Jiayi Wen , Tianxin Chen , Zhirun Zheng , Cheng Huang

Dense retrievers have achieved state-of-the-art performance in various information retrieval tasks, but to what extent can they be safely deployed in real-world applications? In this work, we propose a novel attack for dense retrieval…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Zexuan Zhong , Ziqing Huang , Alexander Wettig , Danqi Chen

Dense embedding-based text retrieval$\unicode{x2013}$retrieval of relevant passages from corpora via deep learning encodings$\unicode{x2013}$has emerged as a powerful method attaining state-of-the-art search results and popularizing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Matan Ben-Tov , Mahmood Sharif

Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) frameworks have shown significant promise in leveraging external knowledge to enhance the performance of large language models (LLMs). However, conventional RAG methods often retrieve documents based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Pouya Pezeshkpour , Estevam Hruschka