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Large language model (LLM)-based multi-agent systems have demonstrated remarkable promise for tackling complex tasks by breaking them down into subtasks that are iteratively planned, executed, observed, and refined. Despite their…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Enhao Zhang , Erkang Zhu , Gagan Bansal , Adam Fourney , Hussein Mozannar , Jack Gerrits

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in various basic natural language tasks. For completing the complex task, we still need a plan for the task to guide LLMs to generate the specific solutions step by step. LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-14 Yiduo Guo , Yaobo Liang , Chenfei Wu , Wenshan Wu , Dongyan Zhao , Nan Duan

Recent advances in language model (LM) agents and function calling have enabled autonomous, feedback-driven systems to solve problems across various digital domains. To better understand the unique limitations of LM agents, we introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Dhruv Gautam , Spandan Garg , Jinu Jang , Neel Sundaresan , Roshanak Zilouchian Moghaddam

A widespread practice in software development is to tailor coding agents to repositories using context files, such as AGENTS.md, by either manually or automatically generating them. Although this practice is strongly encouraged by agent…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Thibaud Gloaguen , Niels Mündler , Mark Müller , Veselin Raychev , Martin Vechev

Execution-based feedback like unit testing is widely used in the development of coding agents through test-time scaling (TTS) and reinforcement learning (RL). This paradigm requires scalable and reliable collection of unit test cases to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-29 KaShun Shum , Binyuan Hui , Jiawei Chen , Lei Zhang , X. W. , Jiaxi Yang , Yuzhen Huang , Junyang Lin , Junxian He

LLMs generate buggy code: 29.6% of SWE-bench solved patches fail, 62% of BaxBench solutions have vulnerabilities, and existing tools only catch 65% of bugs with 35% false positives. We built CodeX-Verify, a multi-agent system that uses four…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Shreshth Rajan

Large Language Models (LLMs) are reshaping almost all industries, including software engineering. In recent years, a number of LLM agents have been proposed to solve real-world software problems. Such software agents are typically equipped…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Chunqiu Steven Xia , Zhe Wang , Yan Yang , Yuxiang Wei , Lingming Zhang

We introduce an architecture for studying the behavior of large language model (LLM) agents in the absence of externally imposed tasks. Our continuous reason and act framework, using persistent memory and self-feedback, enables sustained…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Stefan Szeider

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved impressive results on static code-generation benchmarks, but real-world software development unfolds as a continuous stream of evolving issues, fixes, and feature requests. We introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Thomas Joshi , Shayan Chowdhury , Fatih Uysal

Intelligent robots and machines are becoming pervasive in human populated environments. A desirable capability of these agents is to respond to goal-oriented commands by autonomously constructing task plans. However, such autonomy can add…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-04-14 Yu Zhang , Sarath Sreedharan , Anagha Kulkarni , Tathagata Chakraborti , Hankz Hankui Zhuo , Subbarao Kambhampati

Tool-augmented LLM agents tend to call tools indiscriminately, even when the model can answer directly. Each unnecessary call wastes API fees and latency, yet no existing benchmark systematically studies when a tool call is actually needed.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Chung-En Sun , Linbo Liu , Ge Yan , Zimo Wang , Tsui-Wei Weng

Autonomous program improvement typically involves automatically producing bug fixes and feature additions. Such program improvement can be accomplished by a combination of large language model (LLM) and program analysis capabilities, in the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Haifeng Ruan , Yuntong Zhang , Abhik Roychoudhury

The advancement of large language models (LLMs) has enabled the construction of multi-agent systems to solve complex tasks by dividing responsibilities among specialized agents, such as a planning agent for subgoal generation and a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Minghang Zhu , Zhengliang Shi , Zhiwei Xu , Shiguang Wu , Lingjie Wang , Pengjie Ren , Zhaochun Ren , Zhumin Chen

Existing benchmarks for AI coding agents focus on isolated, single-issue tasks such as fixing a bug or adding a small feature. However, real-world software engineering is a long-horizon endeavor: developers interpret high-level…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Tue Le , Minh V. T. Thai , Dung Nguyen Manh , Huy Phan Nhat , Nghi D. Q. Bui

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated effectiveness in code generation tasks. To enable LLMs to address more complex coding challenges, existing research has focused on crafting multi-agent systems with agentic workflows, where…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Siwei Liu , Jinyuan Fang , Han Zhou , Yingxu Wang , Zaiqiao Meng

Autonomous coding agents, powered by large language models (LLMs), are increasingly being adopted in the software industry to automate complex engineering tasks. However, these agents are prone to a wide range of misbehaviors, such as…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Rahul Nanda , Chandra Maddila , Smriti Jha , Euna Mehnaz Khan , Matteo Paltenghi , Satish Chandra

When humans perform everyday tasks, we naturally adjust our actions based on the current state of the environment. For instance, if we intend to put something into a drawer but notice it is closed, we open it first. However, many autonomous…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Che Rin Yu , Daewon Chae , Dabin Seo , Sangwon Lee , Hyeongwoo Im , Jinkyu Kim

LLM-based web agents have recently made significant progress, but much of it has occurred in closed-source systems, widening the gap with open-source alternatives. Progress has been held back by two key challenges: first, a narrow focus on…

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have evolved into tool-using agents, they remain brittle in long-horizon interactions. Unlike mathematical reasoning where errors are often rectifiable via backtracking, tool-use failures frequently induce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Shengda Fan , Xuyan Ye , Yupeng Huo , Zhi-Yuan Chen , Yiju Guo , Shenzhi Yang , Wenkai Yang , Shuqi Ye , Jingwen Chen , Haotian Chen , Xin Cong , Yankai Lin

Long-horizon code generation requires sustained context and adaptive expertise across domains. Current multi-agent systems use static workflows that cannot adapt when runtime analysis reveals unanticipated complexity. We propose AgentSpawn,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Igor Costa