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Large Language Models (LLMs) offer new potential for automating documentation-to-code traceability, yet their capabilities remain underexplored. We present a comprehensive evaluation of LLMs (Claude 3.5 Sonnet, GPT-4o, and o3-mini) in…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Ebube Alor , SayedHassan Khatoonabadi , Emad Shihab

While there has been a recent burgeoning of applications at the intersection of natural and programming languages, such as code generation and code summarization, these applications are usually English-centric. This creates a barrier for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-08 Zhiruo Wang , Grace Cuenca , Shuyan Zhou , Frank F. Xu , Graham Neubig

Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) have the potential to transform software development tasks. However, despite significant advances, current PLMs struggle to capture the structured and relational attributes of code, such as control flow…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Mert Tiftikci , Amir Molzam Sharifloo , Mira Mezini

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in code translation, yet their performance deteriorates in low-resource programming domains such as Fortran and emerging frameworks like CUDA, where high-quality parallel data…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Le Chen , Nuo Xu , Winson Chen , Bin Lei , Pei-Hung Lin , Dunzhi Zhou , Rajeev Thakur , Caiwen Ding , Ali Jannesari , Chunhua Liao

Programming language modeling has attracted extensive attention in recent years, and it plays an essential role in program processing fields. Statistical language models, which are initially designed for natural languages, have been…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-02-12 Fang Liu , Lu Zhang , Zhi Jin

Nowadays, modern applications are developed using components written in different programming languages. These systems introduce several advantages. However, as the number of languages increases, so does the challenges related to the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-01-18 Mouna Abidi , Md Saidur Rahman , Moses Openja , Foutse Khomh

As modern software extensively uses open source packages, developers regularly pull in new upstream code through frequent updates. While a manual review of all upstream changes may not be practical, developers may rely on the authors' and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Nasif Imtiaz , Preya Shabrina , Laurie Williams

This paper presents LOLA, a massively multilingual large language model trained on more than 160 languages using a sparse Mixture-of-Experts Transformer architecture. Our architectural and implementation choices address the challenge of…

The world's 7,000+ languages vary widely in the availability of resources for NLP, motivating efforts to systematically categorize them by their degree of resourcefulness (Joshi et al., 2020). A similar disparity exists among programming…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Nishat Raihan , Christian Newman , Marcos Zampieri

In this paper, we present Lupa - a framework for large-scale analysis of the programming language usage. Lupa is a command line tool that uses the power of the IntelliJ Platform under the hood, which gives it access to powerful static…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2022-03-30 Anna Vlasova , Maria Tigina , Ilya Vlasov , Anastasiia Birillo , Yaroslav Golubev , Timofey Bryksin

The rapid growth of open-source large language models (LLMs) has created a complex ecosystem of model inheritance and reuse. However, existing research has focused mainly on descriptive analyses of lineage evolution, with limited attention…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Xiaoting Wei , Lele Kang , Xuelian Pan , Jiannan Yang

While large language models (LLMs) show promise in code generation, existing benchmarks neglect the flowchart-based code generation. To promote further research on flowchart-based code generation, this work presents Flow2Code, a novel…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Mengliang He , Jiayi Zeng , Yankai Jiang , Wei Zhang , Zeming Liu , Xiaoming Shi , Aimin Zhou

Background: Since Google introduced Kotlin as an official programming language for developing Android apps in 2017, Kotlin has gained widespread adoption in Android development. The inter-operability of Java and Kotlin's design nature…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Qiong Feng , Huan Ji , Xiaotian Ma , Peng Liang

Cross-lingual document alignment aims to identify pairs of documents in two distinct languages that are of comparable content or translations of each other. In this paper, we exploit the signals embedded in URLs to label web documents at…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-13 Ahmed El-Kishky , Vishrav Chaudhary , Francisco Guzman , Philipp Koehn

Discovering pattern sets or global patterns is an attractive issue from the pattern mining community in order to provide useful information. By combining local patterns satisfying a joint meaning, this approach produces patterns of higher…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2011-07-19 Patrice Boizumault , Bruno Crémilleux , Mehdi Khiari , Samir Loudni , Jean-Philippe Métivier

A community of developers has formed to modernize the Fortran ecosystem. In this article, we describe the high-level features of Fortran that continue to make it a good choice for scientists and engineers in the 21st century. Ongoing…

In order to provide a coherent overview of cyber security research, the Scopus academic abstract and citation database was mined to create a citation graph of 98,373 authors active in the field between 1949 and early 2020. The Louvain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-06-08 Sotirios Katsikeas , Pontus Johnson , Mathias Ekstedt , Robert Lagerström

Large language models (LLMs) and transformer-based architectures are increasingly utilized for source code analysis. As software systems grow in complexity, integrating LLMs into code analysis workflows becomes essential for enhancing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Hamed Jelodar , Mohammad Meymani , Roozbeh Razavi-Far

Despite much progress, developing a pervasive computing application remains a challenge because of a lack of conceptual frameworks and supporting tools. This challenge involves coping with heterogeneous devices, overcoming the intricacies…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2012-03-30 Damien Cassou , Julien Bruneau , Charles Consel , Emilie Balland

The main stretch in the paper is buffer overflow anomaly occurring in major source codes, designed in various programming language. It describes the various as to how to improve your code and increase its strength to withstand security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2012-08-17 Manas Gaur