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Online services rely on CAPTCHAs as a first line of defense against automated abuse, yet recent advances in multi-modal large language models (MLLMs) have eroded the effectiveness of conventional designs that focus on text recognition or 2D…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Arina Kharlamova , Bowei He , Chen Ma , Xue Liu

Agentic AI has significantly extended the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) by enabling complex reasoning and tool use. However, most existing frameworks are tailored to domains such as mathematics, coding, or web automation, and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Md Hasebul Hasan , Mahir Labib Dihan , Tanzima Hashem , Mohammed Eunus Ali , Md Rizwan Parvez

As LLMs are increasingly deployed as agents, agentic reasoning - the ability to combine tool use, especially search, and reasoning - becomes a critical skill. However, it is hard to disentangle agentic reasoning when evaluated in complex…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Hanlin Zhu , Tianyu Guo , Song Mei , Stuart Russell , Nikhil Ghosh , Alberto Bietti , Jiantao Jiao

Recent advances in vision-language models (VLMs) have enabled powerful multimodal reasoning, but state-of-the-art approaches typically rely on extremely large models with prohibitive computational and memory requirements. This makes their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Abdarahmane Traore , Éric Hervet , Andy Couturier

Recent advances in pixel-level tasks (e.g. segmentation) illustrate the benefit of of long-range interactions between aggregated region-based representations that can enhance local features. However, such aggregated representations, often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Mir Rayat Imtiaz Hossain , Leonid Sigal , James J. Little

We introduce ARGOS, the first benchmark and framework that reformulates multi-camera person search as an interactive reasoning problem requiring an agent to plan, question, and eliminate candidates under information asymmetry. An ARGOS…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Myungchul Kim , Kwanyong Park , Junmo Kim , In So Kweon

Humans can perform complex tasks with long-term objectives by planning, reasoning, and forecasting outcomes of actions. For embodied agents to achieve similar capabilities, they must gain knowledge of the environment transferable to novel…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Shu Ishida

Security operation centers contend with a constant stream of security incidents, ranging from straightforward to highly complex. To address this, we developed Microsoft Copilot for Security Guided Response (CGR), an industry-scale ML…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Scott Freitas , Jovan Kalajdjieski , Amir Gharib , Robert McCann

Despite rapid progress, embodied agents still struggle with long-horizon manipulation that requires maintaining spatial consistency, causal dependencies, and goal constraints. A key limitation of existing approaches is that task reasoning…

Recent progress in large language models (LLMs) has enabled tool-augmented agents capable of solving complex real-world tasks through step-by-step reasoning. However, existing evaluations often focus on general-purpose or multimodal…

Despite impressive advancements in Visual-Language Models (VLMs) for multi-modal tasks, their reliance on RGB inputs limits precise spatial understanding. Existing methods for integrating spatial cues, such as point clouds or depth, either…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Yang Liu , Ming Ma , Xiaomin Yu , Pengxiang Ding , Han Zhao , Mingyang Sun , Siteng Huang , Donglin Wang

Geometry is a fundamental branch of mathematics and plays a crucial role in evaluating the reasoning capabilities of multimodal large language models (MLLMs). However, existing multimodal mathematics benchmarks mainly focus on plane…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Peijie Wang , Chao Yang , Zhong-Zhi Li , Fei Yin , Dekang Ran , Mi Tian , Zhilong Ji , Jinfeng Bai , Cheng-Lin Liu

Graph-RAG improves LLM reasoning using structured knowledge, yet conventional designs rely on a centralized knowledge graph. In distributed and access-restricted settings (e.g., hospitals or multinational organizations), retrieval must…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Longkun Li , Yuanben Zou , Jinghan Wu , Yuqing Wen , Jing Li , Hangwei Qian , Ivor Tsang

Recent advances in agentic AI have led to systems capable of autonomous task execution and language-based reasoning, yet their spatial reasoning abilities remain limited and underexplored, largely constrained to symbolic and sequential…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Bui Duc Manh , Soumyaratna Debnath , Zetong Zhang , Shriram Damodaran , Arvind Kumar , Yueyi Zhang , Lu Mi , Erik Cambria , Lin Wang

While large language models have become the prevailing approach for agentic reasoning and planning, their success in symbolic domains does not readily translate to the physical world. Spatial intelligence, the ability to perceive 3D…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Gloria Felicia , Nolan Bryant , Handi Putra , Ayaan Gazali , Eliel Lobo , Esteban Rojas

The integration of large language models (LLMs) with external tools has significantly expanded the capabilities of AI agents. However, as the diversity of both LLMs and tools increases, selecting the optimal model-tool combination becomes a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Jinyang Wu , Guocheng Zhai , Ruihan Jin , Jiahao Yuan , Yuhao Shen , Shuai Zhang , Zhengqi Wen , Jianhua Tao

Spatial reasoning plays a vital role in both human cognition and machine intelligence, prompting new research into language models' (LMs) capabilities in this regard. However, existing benchmarks reveal shortcomings in evaluating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Fangjun Li , David C. Hogg , Anthony G. Cohn

Spatial reasoning is central to navigation and robotics, yet measuring model capabilities on these tasks remains difficult. Existing benchmarks evaluate models in a one-shot setting, requiring full solution generation in a single response,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Lars Benedikt Kaesberg , Tianyu Yang , Niklas Bauer , Terry Ruas , Jan Philip Wahle , Bela Gipp

Embodied intelligence, a grand challenge in artificial intelligence, is fundamentally constrained by the limited spatial understanding and reasoning capabilities of current models. Prevailing efforts to address this through enhancing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Zhi Helu , Huang Jingjing , Xu Wang , Xu Yangbin , Zhang Wanyue , Jiang Baoyang , Deng Shirui , Zhu Liang , Li Fangfang , Zhao Tiejun , Lin Yankai , Yao Yuan

We present Collaborative Agent Reasoning Engineering (CARE), a disciplined methodology for engineering Large Language Model (LLM) agents in scientific domains. Unlike ad-hoc trial-and-error approaches, CARE specifies behavior, grounding,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Rahul Ramachandran , Nidhi Jha , Muthukumaran Ramasubramanian