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Quantum error correction (QEC) is an essential tool for quantum computing that enables reliable information processing in the presence of noise. Syndrome measurements play a central role in QEC, making it possible to unambiguously identify…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-13 Debjyoti Biswas , Prabha Mandayam

We propose quaternion-based strategies for quantum error correction by extending quantum mechanics into quaternionic Hilbert spaces. Building on the properties of quaternionic quantum states, we define quaternionic analogues of Pauli…

Building reliable quantum computers requires protecting fragile quantum states from inevitable environmental noise and operational errors. While quantum error correction codes like the Steane $[\![7,1,3]\!]$ code provide elegant theoretical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-14 Soham Bhadra , Diyansha Singh , Angana Chowdhury

Quantum error correction (QEC) is a crucial step towards long coherence times required for efficient quantum information processing (QIP). One major challenge in this direction concerns the fast real-time analysis of error syndrome…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-23 Joachim Cohen , Mazyar Mirrahimi

Current quantum processors are fragile, noisy and fairly limited in both quantity and quality with tens of qubits and physical error rates of around 10^-3. To realize practical quantum applications, however, error rates need to be below…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-25 Hany Ali

Universal fault-tolerant quantum computation requires overcoming the Eastin--Knill theorem on quantum error correction (QEC) codes that protect information from noise. This is often accomplished through strategies like magic state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-06 Derek Khu , Andrew Tanggara , Chao Jin , Kishor Bharti

We analyze the long time behavior of a quantum computer running a quantum error correction (QEC) code in the presence of a correlated environment. Starting from a Hamiltonian formulation of realistic noise models, and assuming that QEC is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-07-11 E. Novais , Eduardo R. Mucciolo , Harold U. Baranger

The demonstration of quantum error correction (QEC) is one of the most important milestones in the realization of fully-fledged quantum computers. Toward this, QEC experiments using the surface codes have recently been actively conducted.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-12 Mitsuki Katsuda , Kosuke Mitarai , Keisuke Fujii

Quantum error correction protects fragile quantum information by encoding it into a larger quantum system. These extra degrees of freedom enable the detection and correction of errors, but also increase the operational complexity of the…

Decoders of quantum error correction (QEC) experiments make decisions based on detected errors and the expected rates of error events, which together comprise a detector error model. Here we show that the syndrome history of QEC experiments…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-29 Evangelia Takou , Kenneth R. Brown

Current approaches to fault-tolerant quantum computation will not enable useful quantum computation on near-term devices of 50 to 100 qubits. Leading proposals, such as the color code and surface code schemes, must devote a large fraction…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-11-08 Peter D. Johnson , Jonathan Romero , Jonathan Olson , Yudong Cao , Alán Aspuru-Guzik

The performance of a given quantum error correction (QEC) code depends upon the noise model that is assumed. Independent Pauli noise, applied after each quantum operation, is a simplistic noise model that is easy to simulate and understand…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-04 Wayne M. Witzel , Anand Ganti , Tzvetan S. Metodi

Encoding information redundantly using quantum error-correcting (QEC) codes allows one to overcome the inherent sensitivity to noise in quantum computers to ultimately achieve large-scale quantum computation. The Steane QEC method involves…

Characterizing and mitigating errors in current noisy intermediate-scale devices is important to improve performance of next generations of quantum hardware. In order to investigate the importance of the different noise mechanisms affecting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-14 Gabriele Cenedese , Giuliano Benenti , Maria Bondani

Achieving scalable, fault-tolerant quantum computation requires quantum memory architectures that minimize error correction overhead while preserving coherence. This work presents a framework for high-dimensional qudit memory in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-06 William Boone Samuels

Realizing the potential of quantum computing will require achieving sufficiently low logical error rates. Many applications call for error rates in the $10^{-15}$ regime, but state-of-the-art quantum platforms typically have physical error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-19 Zijun Chen , Kevin J. Satzinger , Juan Atalaya , Alexander N. Korotkov , Andrew Dunsworth , Daniel Sank , Chris Quintana , Matt McEwen , Rami Barends , Paul V. Klimov , Sabrina Hong , Cody Jones , Andre Petukhov , Dvir Kafri , Sean Demura , Brian Burkett , Craig Gidney , Austin G. Fowler , Harald Putterman , Igor Aleiner , Frank Arute , Kunal Arya , Ryan Babbush , Joseph C. Bardin , Andreas Bengtsson , Alexandre Bourassa , Michael Broughton , Bob B. Buckley , David A. Buell , Nicholas Bushnell , Benjamin Chiaro , Roberto Collins , William Courtney , Alan R. Derk , Daniel Eppens , Catherine Erickson , Edward Farhi , Brooks Foxen , Marissa Giustina , Jonathan A. Gross , Matthew P. Harrigan , Sean D. Harrington , Jeremy Hilton , Alan Ho , Trent Huang , William J. Huggins , L. B. Ioffe , Sergei V. Isakov , Evan Jeffrey , Zhang Jiang , Kostyantyn Kechedzhi , Seon Kim , Fedor Kostritsa , David Landhuis , Pavel Laptev , Erik Lucero , Orion Martin , Jarrod R. McClean , Trevor McCourt , Xiao Mi , Kevin C. Miao , Masoud Mohseni , Wojciech Mruczkiewicz , Josh Mutus , Ofer Naaman , Matthew Neeley , Charles Neill , Michael Newman , Murphy Yuezhen Niu , Thomas E. O'Brien , Alex Opremcak , Eric Ostby , Bálint Pató , Nicholas Redd , Pedram Roushan , Nicholas C. Rubin , Vladimir Shvarts , Doug Strain , Marco Szalay , Matthew D. Trevithick , Benjamin Villalonga , Theodore White , Z. Jamie Yao , Ping Yeh , Adam Zalcman , Hartmut Neven , Sergio Boixo , Vadim Smelyanskiy , Yu Chen , Anthony Megrant , Julian Kelly

Quantum error correction (QEC) is a way to protect quantum information against noise. It consists of encoding input information into entangled quantum states known as the code space. Furthermore, to classify if the encoded information is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-15 Pejman Jouzdani , H. Arslan Hashim , Eduardo R. Mucciolo

Physical qubits in experimental quantum information processors are inevitably exposed to different sources of noise and imperfections, which lead to errors that typically accumulate hindering our ability to perform long computations…

High fidelity quantum operations are key to enabling fault-tolerant quantum computation. Superconducting quantum processors have demonstrated high-fidelity operations, but on larger devices there is commonly a broad distribution of…

A successful quantum error correction protocol would allow quantum computers to run algorithms without suffering from the effects of noise. However, fully fault-tolerant quantum error correction is too resource intensive for existing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-29 Chris N. Self , Marcello Benedetti , David Amaro