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LLM-based (Large Language Model) GUI (Graphical User Interface) agents can potentially reshape our daily lives significantly. However, current LLM-based GUI agents suffer from the scarcity of high-quality training data owing to the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Danyang Zhang , Situo Zhang , Ziyue Yang , Zichen Zhu , Zihan Zhao , Ruisheng Cao , Lu Chen , Kai Yu

Language-model agents are increasingly used as persistent coworkers that assist users across multiple working days. During such workflows, the surrounding environment may change independently of the agent: new emails arrive, calendar…

Graphical user interface (GUI)-based mobile agents automate digital tasks on mobile devices by interpreting natural-language instructions and interacting with the screen. While recent methods apply reinforcement learning (RL) to train…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Li Gu , Zihuan Jiang , Zhixiang Chi , Huan Liu , Ziqiang Wang , Yuanhao Yu , Glen Berseth , Yang Wang

With AI agents increasingly deployed as long-running systems, it becomes essential to autonomously construct and continuously evolve customized software to enable interaction within dynamic environments. Yet, existing benchmarks evaluate…

Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) are central to human-computer interaction, yet automating complex GUI tasks remains a major challenge for autonomous agents, largely due to a lack of scalable, high-quality training data. While recordings of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Yichun Zhang , Xiangwu Guo , Yauhong Goh , Jessica Hu , Zhiheng Chen , Xin Wang , Difei Gao , Mike Zheng Shou

Training Vision-Language Models (VLMs) for Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) agents via Reinforcement Learning (RL) faces critical challenges: environment-based RL requires costly interactions, while environment-free methods struggle with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Jiani Zheng , Lu Wang , Fangkai Yang , Chaoyun Zhang , Lingrui Mei , Wenjie Yin , Qingwei Lin , Dongmei Zhang , Saravan Rajmohan , Qi Zhang

LLM-based agents have made significant advancements in interactive environments, such as mobile operations and web browsing, and other domains beyond computer using. Current multi-agent systems universally excel in performance, compared to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Zhitao He , Zijun Liu , Peng Li , Yi R. Fung , Ming Yan , Ji Zhang , Fei Huang , Yang Liu

With VLM-powered computer-using agents (CUAs) becoming increasingly capable at graphical user interface (GUI) navigation and manipulation, reliable step-level decision-making has emerged as a key bottleneck for real-world deployment. In…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Zhenyu Wu , Jingjing Xie , Zehao Li , Bowen Yang , Qiushi Sun , Zhaoyang Liu , Zhoumianze Liu , Yu Qiao , Xiangyu Yue , Zun Wang , Zichen Ding

Graphical User Interface (GUI) provides a visual bridge between a software application and end users, through which they can interact with each other. With the development of technology and aesthetics, the visual effects of the GUI are more…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-09-08 Zhe Liu , Chunyang Chen , Junjie Wang , Yuekai Huang , Jun Hu , Qing Wang

In this paper, we introduce UI-Genie, a self-improving framework addressing two key challenges in GUI agents: verification of trajectory outcome is challenging and high-quality training data are not scalable. These challenges are addressed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Han Xiao , Guozhi Wang , Yuxiang Chai , Zimu Lu , Weifeng Lin , Hao He , Lue Fan , Liuyang Bian , Rui Hu , Liang Liu , Shuai Ren , Yafei Wen , Xiaoxin Chen , Aojun Zhou , Hongsheng Li

Graphical User Interface (GUI) tasks are vital for automating workflows such as software testing, user interface navigation. For users, the GUI is the most intuitive platform for interacting with a computer. Previous work identified a key…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Zheng Hui , Yinheng Li , Dan zhao , Tianyi Chen , Colby Banbury , Kazuhito Koishida

The advancement of mobile GUI agents has opened new opportunities for automating tasks on mobile devices. Training these agents requires large-scale high-quality data, which is prohibitively expensive when relying on human labor. Given the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Wenhao Wang , Mengying Yuan , Zijie Yu , Guangyi Liu , Rui Ye , Tian Jin , Siheng Chen , Yanfeng Wang

API-driven chatbot systems are increasingly integral to software engineering applications, yet their effectiveness hinges on accurately generating and executing API calls. This is particularly challenging in scenarios requiring multi-step…

With the widespread adoption of Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents for automating GUI interaction tasks, substantial research focused on improving GUI perception to ground task instructions into concrete action steps. However, the step…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Xuan Wang , Siyuan Su , Quantong Fu , Yongxiang Hu , Yangfan Zhou

With ChatGPT-like large language models (LLM) prevailing in the community, how to evaluate the ability of LLMs is an open question. Existing evaluation methods suffer from following shortcomings: (1) constrained evaluation abilities, (2)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-09 Jiaju Lin , Haoran Zhao , Aochi Zhang , Yiting Wu , Huqiuyue Ping , Qin Chen

LLM-based agents are increasingly expected to handle real-world assistant tasks, yet existing benchmarks typically evaluate them under isolated sources of difficulty, such as a single environment or fully specified instructions. This leaves…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Xiang Long , Li Du , Yilong Xu , Fangcheng Liu , Haoqing Wang , Ning Ding , Ziheng Li , Jianyuan Guo , Yehui Tang

In the field of AI-driven human-GUI interaction automation, while rapid advances in multimodal large language models and reinforcement fine-tuning techniques have yielded remarkable progress, a fundamental challenge persists: their…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Shaojie Zhang , Ruoceng Zhang , Pei Fu , Shaokang Wang , Jiahui Yang , Xin Du , Shiqi Cui , Bin Qin , Ying Huang , Zhenbo Luo , Jian Luan

Training corpuses for vision language models (VLMs) typically lack sufficient amounts of decision-centric data. This renders off-the-shelf VLMs sub-optimal for decision-making tasks such as in-the-wild device control through graphical user…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-20 Hao Bai , Yifei Zhou , Mert Cemri , Jiayi Pan , Alane Suhr , Sergey Levine , Aviral Kumar

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents, which autonomously operate on digital interfaces through natural language instructions, hold transformative potential for accessibility, automation, and user experience. A critical aspect of their…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Yuheng Lu , Qian Yu , Hongru Wang , Zeming Liu , Wei Su , Yanping Liu , Yuhang Guo , Maocheng Liang , Yunhong Wang , Haifeng Wang

Autonomous agents must know how to explore user interfaces (UIs) for reliable task solving, yet systematic evaluation of this crucial phase is lacking. We introduce UIExplore-Bench, the first benchmark explicitly dedicated to UI…

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