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Spear phishing is a deceptive attack that uses social engineering to obtain confidential information through targeted victimization. It is distinguished by its use of social cues and personalized information to target specific victims.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-07-09 Ploy Unchit , Sanchari Das , Andrew Kim , L. Jean Camp

Spear phishing is a complex targeted attack in which, an attacker harvests information about the victim prior to the attack. This information is then used to create sophisticated, genuine-looking attack vectors, drawing the victim to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2014-06-17 Prateek Dewan , Anand Kashyap , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru

A vishing attack is a form of social engineering where attackers use phone calls to deceive individuals into disclosing sensitive information, such as personal data, financial information, or security credentials. Attackers exploit the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-17 João Figueiredo , Afonso Carvalho , Daniel Castro , Daniel Gonçalves , Nuno Santos

We introduce SynBullying, a synthetic multi-LLM conversational dataset for studying and detecting cyberbullying (CB). SynBullying provides a scalable and ethically safe alternative to human data collection by leveraging large language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Arefeh Kazemi , Hamza Qadeer , Joachim Wagner , Hossein Hosseini , Sri Balaaji Natarajan Kalaivendan , Brian Davis

Targeted phishing emails are on the rise and facilitate the theft of billions of dollars from organizations a year. While malicious signals from attached files or malicious URLs in emails can be detected by conventional malware signatures…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-08 Younghoo Lee , Joshua Saxe , Richard Harang

Identifying deceptive content like phishing emails demands sophisticated cognitive processes that combine pattern recognition, confidence assessment, and contextual analysis. This research examines how human cognition and machine learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Paras Jain , Khushi Dhar , Olyemi E. Amujo , Esa M. Rantanen

Phishing remains a pervasive and growing threat, inflicting heavy economic and reputational damage. While machine learning has been effective in real-time detection of phishing attacks, progress is hindered by lack of large, high-quality…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Thomas Dalton , Hemanth Gowda , Girish Rao , Sachin Pargi , Alireza Hadj Khodabakhshi , Joseph Rombs , Stephan Jou , Manish Marwah

Phishing is an increasingly sophisticated form of cyberattack that is inflicting huge financial damage to corporations throughout the globe while also jeopardizing individuals' privacy. Attackers are constantly devising new methods of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Asif Newaz , Farhan Shahriyar Haq , Nadim Ahmed

Voice phishing (vishing) remains a persistent threat in cybersecurity, exploiting human trust through persuasive speech. While machine learning (ML)-based classifiers have shown promise in detecting malicious call transcripts, they remain…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Wenhao Li , Selvakumar Manickam , Yung-wey Chong , Shankar Karuppayah

The rapid advancement of conversational agents, particularly chatbots powered by Large Language Models (LLMs), poses a significant risk of social engineering (SE) attacks on social media platforms. SE detection in multi-turn, chat-based…

Cyber-phishing attacks recently became more precise, targeted, and tailored by training data to activate only in the presence of specific information or cues. They are adaptable to a much greater extent than traditional phishing detection.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-03-28 Amir Kashapov , Tingmin Wu , Alsharif Abuadbba , Carsten Rudolph

Existing Text Image Forgery Localization (T-IFL) methods often suffer from poor generalization due to the limited scale of real-world datasets and the distribution gap caused by synthetic data that fails to capture the complexity of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Zeqin Yu , Haotao Xie , Jian Zhang , Jiangqun Ni , Wenkan Su , Jiwu Huang

Typographic attacks exploit the interplay between text and visual content in multimodal foundation models, causing misclassifications when misleading text is embedded within images. Existing datasets are limited in size and diversity,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Justus Westerhoff , Erblina Purelku , Jakob Hackstein , Jonas Loos , Leo Pinetzki , Erik Rodner , Lorenz Hufe

Phishing attacks are the most common type of cyber-attacks used to obtain sensitive information and have been affecting individuals as well as organisations across the globe. Various techniques have been proposed to identify the phishing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-01-08 Sohail Ahmed Khan , Wasiq Khan , Abir Hussain

The SEAR Dataset is a novel multimodal resource designed to study the emerging threat of social engineering (SE) attacks orchestrated through augmented reality (AR) and multimodal large language models (LLMs). This dataset captures 180…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Tianlong Yu , Chenghang Ye , Zheyu Yang , Ziyi Zhou , Cui Tang , Zui Tao , Jun Zhang , Kailong Wang , Liting Zhou , Yang Yang , Ting Bi

Social media cyberbullying has a detrimental effect on human life. As online social networking grows daily, the amount of hate speech also increases. Such terrible content can cause depression and actions related to suicide. This paper…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Mst Shapna Akter , Hossain Shahriar , Alfredo Cuzzocrea

The growing sophistication of speech generated by Artificial Intelligence (AI) has introduced new challenges in audio deepfake detection. Text-to-speech (TTS) and voice conversion (VC) technologies can create highly convincing synthetic…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Vamshi Nallaguntla , Aishwarya Fursule , Shruti Kshirsagar , Anderson R. Avila

Phishing attacks are one of the trending cyber attacks that apply socially engineered messages that are communicated to people from professional hackers aiming at fooling users to reveal their sensitive information, the most popular…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2016-08-09 Adwan Yasin , Abdelmunem Abuhasan

With the rapid development of deep learning techniques, the generation and counterfeiting of multimedia material are becoming increasingly straightforward to perform. At the same time, sharing fake content on the web has become so simple…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2022-09-19 Davide Salvi , Brian Hosler , Paolo Bestagini , Matthew C. Stamm , Stefano Tubaro

The current generation of large language models produces sophisticated social-engineering content that bypasses standard text screening systems in business communication platforms. Our proposed solution for mail gateway and endpoint…