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We characterize Martin-L\"of randomness and Schnorr randomness in terms of the merging of opinions, along the lines of the Blackwell-Dubins Theorem. After setting up a general framework for defining notions of merging randomness, we focus…

Logic · Mathematics 2026-03-10 Simon M. Huttegger , Sean Walsh , Francesca Zaffora Blando

We discuss a relation between the Kantorovich-Wasserstein (KW) metric and the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence. The former is defined using the optimal transport problem (OTP) in the Kantorovich formulation. The latter is used to define…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-08-27 Roman V. Belavkin

A new form of variational autoencoder (VAE) is developed, in which the joint distribution of data and codes is considered in two (symmetric) forms: ($i$) from observed data fed through the encoder to yield codes, and ($ii$) from latent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-11-21 Yunchen Pu , Weiyao Wang , Ricardo Henao , Liqun Chen , Zhe Gan , Chunyuan Li , Lawrence Carin

The Kullback--Leibler divergence together with exponential families establishes the foundation of information geometry and is widely generalized. Among the generalization, we focus on the $(h,\tau)$-divergence and $(h,\tau)$-exponential…

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2025-12-29 Hiroshi Matsuzoe , Asuka Takatsu

Variational autoencoders have been widely applied for natural language generation, however, there are two long-standing problems: information under-representation and posterior collapse. The former arises from the fact that only the last…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Xianghong Fang , Haoli Bai , Zenglin Xu , Michael Lyu , Irwin King

We conduct non-asymptotic analysis on the mean-field variational inference for approximating posterior distributions in complex Bayesian models that may involve latent variables. We show that the mean-field approximation to the posterior…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-11-06 Wei Han , Yun Yang

Message identification (M-I) divergence is an important measure of the information distance between probability distributions, similar to Kullback-Leibler (K-L) and Renyi divergence. In fact, M-I divergence with a variable parameter can…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-04-08 Rui She , Shanyun Liu , Pingyi Fan

We consider the fundamental problem of estimating a discrete distribution on a domain of size $K$ with high probability in Kullback-Leibler divergence. We provide upper and lower bounds on the minimax estimation rate, which show that the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-23 Dirk van der Hoeven , Julia Olkhovskaia , Tim van Erven

This paper proposes a joint training method to learn both the variational auto-encoder (VAE) and the latent energy-based model (EBM). The joint training of VAE and latent EBM are based on an objective function that consists of three…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-12 Tian Han , Erik Nijkamp , Linqi Zhou , Bo Pang , Song-Chun Zhu , Ying Nian Wu

Motivated by the increasingly popular Score-based Generative Modeling (SGM), we study the Inexact Langevin Dynamics (ILD) and Inexact Langevin Algorithm (ILA) where a score function estimate is used in place of the exact score. We establish…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Kaylee Yingxi Yang , Andre Wibisono

The problem of filtering information from large correlation matrices is of great importance in many applications. We have recently proposed the use of the Kullback-Leibler distance to measure the performance of filtering algorithms in…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2008-12-02 M. Tumminello , F. Lillo , R. N. Mantegna

Unsupervised learning of disentangled representations involves uncovering of different factors of variations that contribute to the data generation process. Total correlation penalization has been a key component in recent methods towards…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-01 Yijun Xiao , William Yang Wang

Reverse Kullback-Leibler (RKL) divergence has recently emerged as the preferred objective for large language model (LLM) distillation, consistently outperforming forward KL (FKL), particularly in regimes with large vocabularies and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Hoang-Chau Luong , Dat Ba Tran , Lingwei Chen

Variational autoencoders (VAEs), as an important aspect of generative models, have received a lot of research interests and reached many successful applications. However, it is always a challenge to achieve the consistency between the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Xiaoyu Chen , Chen Gong , Qiang He , Xinwen Hou , Yu Liu

We study the problem of spectrum estimation from transmission data of a known phantom. The goal is to reconstruct an x-ray spectrum that can accurately model the x-ray transmission curves and reflects a realistic shape of the typical energy…

Medical Physics · Physics 2021-07-14 Wooseok Ha , Emil Y. Sidky , Rina Foygel Barber , Taly Gilat Schmidt , Xiaochuan Pan

We compute the expected value of the Kullback-Leibler divergence to various fundamental statistical models with respect to canonical priors on the probability simplex. We obtain closed formulas for the expected model approximation errors,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2014-06-18 Guido F. Montufar , Johannes Rauh

Testing whether two multivariate samples exhibit the same extremal behavior is an important problem in various fields including environmental and climate sciences. While several ad-hoc approaches exist in the literature, they often lack…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-02-03 Sebastian Engelke , Philippe Naveau , Chen Zhou

Deep latent variable models (LVM) such as variational auto-encoder (VAE) have recently played an important role in text generation. One key factor is the exploitation of smooth latent structures to guide the generation. However, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-02 Le Fang , Chunyuan Li , Jianfeng Gao , Wen Dong , Changyou Chen

Ambiguity is inevitable in medical images, which often results in different image interpretations (e.g. object boundaries or segmentation maps) from different human experts. Thus, a model that learns the ambiguity and outputs a probability…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-10-22 Linchen Qian , Jiasong Chen , Timur Urakov , Weiyong Gu , Liang Liang

We would like to learn a representation of the data which decomposes an observation into factors of variation which we can independently control. Specifically, we want to use minimal supervision to learn a latent representation that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-05-25 Diane Bouchacourt , Ryota Tomioka , Sebastian Nowozin