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Many learning problems involve symmetries, and while invariance can be built into neural architectures, it can also emerge implicitly when training on group-structured data. We study this phenomenon in classical Hopfield networks and show…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Michael Murray , Tenzin Chan , Kedar Karhadker , Christopher J. Hillar

Despite significant advances in the field of deep learning in applications to various fields, explaining the inner processes of deep learning models remains an important and open question. The purpose of this article is to describe and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-04-20 German Magai , Anton Ayzenberg

Understanding whether deep neural networks are effectively optimized remains challenging, as training occurs in highly nonconvex landscapes and standard metrics provide limited visibility into layer-wise learning quality. This challenge is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Arian Eamaz , Farhang Yeganegi , Mojtaba Soltanalian

In established network architectures, shortcut connections are often used to take the outputs of earlier layers as additional inputs to later layers. Despite the extraordinary effectiveness of shortcuts, there remain open questions on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-15 Fenglei Fan , Dayang Wang , Hengtao Guo , Qikui Zhu , Pingkun Yan , Ge Wang , Hengyong Yu

As the data-driven decision process becomes dominating for industrial applications, fairness-aware machine learning arouses great attention in various areas. This work proposes fairness penalties learned by neural networks with a simple…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-03-12 Jinwon Sohn , Qifan Song , Guang Lin

Parametric approaches to Learning, such as deep learning (DL), are highly popular in nonlinear regression, in spite of their extremely difficult training with their increasing complexity (e.g. number of layers in DL). In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-23 Ashkan Panahi , Hamid Krim , Liyi Dai

Graph convolution networks (GCNs) have been enormously successful in learning representations over several graph-based machine learning tasks. Specific to learning rich node representations, most of the methods have solely relied on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-03 Ashish Tiwari , Sresth Tosniwal , Shanmuganathan Raman

Despite their renowned predictive power on i.i.d. data, convolutional neural networks are known to rely more on high-frequency patterns that humans deem superficial than on low-frequency patterns that agree better with intuitions about what…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-11-06 Haohan Wang , Songwei Ge , Eric P. Xing , Zachary C. Lipton

Machine Learning facilitates building a large variety of models, starting from elementary linear regression models to very complex neural networks. Neural networks are currently limited by the size of data provided and the huge…

Materials Science · Physics 2023-08-25 Ruman Moulik , Ankita Phutela , Sajjan Sheoran , Saswata Bhattacharya

Reinforcement learning for LLMs is vulnerable to reward hacking, where models exploit shortcuts to maximize reward without solving the intended task. We systematically study this phenomenon in coding tasks using an environment-manipulation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 Rui Wu , Ruixiang Tang

Pretrained language models often rely on superficial features that appear predictive during training yet fail to generalize at test time, a phenomenon known as shortcut learning. Existing mitigation methods generally operate at training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Jiayi Li , Shijie Tang , Gün Kaynar , Shiyi Du , Carl Kingsford

Are Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) fair? In many real world graphs, the formation of edges is related to certain node attributes (e.g. gender, community, reputation). In this case, standard GNNs using these edges will be biased by this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-26 John Palowitch , Bryan Perozzi

Deep learning models have attracted lots of research attention in time series classification (TSC) task in the past two decades. Recently, deep neural networks (DNN) have surpassed classical distance-based methods and achieved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Salomon Ibarra , Frida Cantu , Kaixiong Zhou , Li Zhang

Geometric data pruning methods, while practical for leveraging pretrained models, are fundamentally unstable. Their reliance on extrinsic geometry renders them highly sensitive to latent space perturbations, causing performance to degrade…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Arjun Roy , Prajna G. Malettira , Manish Nagaraj , Kaushik Roy

Works on implicit regularization have studied gradient trajectories during the optimization process to explain why deep networks favor certain kinds of solutions over others. In deep linear networks, it has been shown that gradient descent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-02 Dan Zhao

In this work, we investigate a particular implicit bias in gradient descent training, which we term "Feature Averaging," and argue that it is one of the principal factors contributing to the non-robustness of deep neural networks. We show…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Binghui Li , Zhixuan Pan , Kaifeng Lyu , Jian Li

We consider neural networks with a single hidden layer and non-decreasing homogeneous activa-tion functions like the rectified linear units. By letting the number of hidden units grow unbounded and using classical non-Euclidean…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-11-01 Francis Bach

A network supporting deep unsupervised learning is presented. The network is an autoencoder with lateral shortcut connections from the encoder to decoder at each level of the hierarchy. The lateral shortcut connections allow the higher…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2015-02-03 Harri Valpola

We present a loss function for neural networks that encompasses an idea of trivial versus non-trivial predictions, such that the network jointly determines its own prediction goals and learns to satisfy them. This permits the network to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-12-15 Nicholas Guttenberg , Martin Biehl , Ryota Kanai

In this paper, we improve Generative Adversarial Networks by incorporating a manifold learning step into the discriminator. We consider locality-constrained linear and subspace-based manifolds, and locality-constrained non-linear manifolds.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-04 Yao Ni , Piotr Koniusz , Richard Hartley , Richard Nock