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Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a widely used reinforcement learning algorithm that heavily relies on accurate advantage estimates for stable and efficient training. However, raw advantage signals can exhibit significant variance,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Soham Sane

Prompt engineering has demonstrated remarkable success in enhancing the performance of large language models (LLMs) across diverse tasks. However, most existing prompt optimization methods only focus on the task-level performance,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Yilun Kong , Hangyu Mao , Qi Zhao , Bin Zhang , Jingqing Ruan , Li Shen , Yongzhe Chang , Xueqian Wang , Rui Zhao , Dacheng Tao

Prompt optimization methods have demonstrated significant effectiveness in aligning black-box large language models (LLMs). In parallel, inference scaling strategies such as Best-of-N Sampling and Majority Voting have likewise been shown to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Saaduddin Mahmud , Mason Nakamura , Kyle Hollins Wray , Shlomo Zilberstein

Automatic Prompt Optimization (APO) improves large language model (LLM) performance by refining prompts for specific tasks. However, prior APO methods typically focus only on user prompts, rely on unstructured feedback, and require large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Seungyoun Yi , Minsoo Khang , Sungrae Park

We propose Process-Aware Policy Optimization (PAPO), a method that integrates process-level evaluation into Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) through decoupled advantage normalization, to address two limitations of existing reward…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Zelin Tan , Zhouliang Yu , Bohan Lin , Zijie Geng , Hejia Geng , Yudong Zhang , Mulei Zhang , Yang Chen , Shuyue Hu , Zhenfei Yin , Chen Zhang , Lei Bai

Reinforcement learning algorithms such as group-relative policy optimization (GRPO) have shown strong potential for improving the mathematical reasoning capabilities of large language models. While a growing body of work seeks to improve…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Wenquan Lu , Hai Huang , Enqi Liu , Randall Balestriero

Code runtime optimization-the task of rewriting a given code to a faster one-remains challenging, as it requires reasoning about performance trade-offs involving algorithmic and structural choices. Recent approaches employ code-LLMs with…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Su-Hyeon Kim , Joonghyuk Hahn , Sooyoung Cha , Yo-Sub Han

Prompt optimization improves language models without updating their weights by searching for a better system prompt, but its effectiveness varies widely across tasks. We study what makes a task amenable to prompt optimization. We show that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Zhaolin Gao , Yu , Wang , Bo Liu , Thorsten Joachims , Kianté Brantley , Wen Sun

Optimizing Large Language Model (LLM) performance requires well-crafted prompts, but manual prompt engineering is labor-intensive and often ineffective. Automated prompt optimization techniques address this challenge but the majority of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Ximing Dong , Shaowei Wang , Dayi Lin , Ahmed E. Hassan

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized natural language processing by solving a wide range of tasks simply guided by a prompt. Yet their performance is highly sensitive to prompt formulation. While automatic prompt optimization…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Tom Zehle , Moritz Schlager , Timo Heiß , Matthias Feurer

An increasing number of NLP applications interact with large language models (LLMs) through black-box APIs, making prompt engineering critical for controlling model outputs. While recent Automatic Prompt Optimization (APO) methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-15 MohammadReza Davari , Utkarsh Garg , Weixin Cai , Eugene Belilovsky

Small language models (sLLMs) are increasingly deployed on-device, where imperfect user prompts--typos, unclear intent, or missing context--can trigger factual errors and hallucinations. Existing automatic prompt optimization (APO) methods…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Jungwoo Shim , Dae Won Kim , Sun Wook Kim , Soo Young Kim , Myungcheol Lee , Jae-geun Cha , Hyunhwa Choi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown impressive performance as general purpose agents, but their abilities remain highly dependent on prompts which are hand written with onerous trial-and-error effort. We propose a simple and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Reid Pryzant , Dan Iter , Jerry Li , Yin Tat Lee , Chenguang Zhu , Michael Zeng

Large Language Models utilizing reasoning techniques improve task performance but incur significant latency and token costs due to verbose generation. Existing automatic prompt optimization(APO) frameworks target task accuracy exclusively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Deep Shah , Sanket Badhe , Nehal Kathrotia , Priyanka Tiwari

Evaluating query predicates on data samples is the only way to estimate their selectivity in certain scenarios. Finding a guaranteed optimal query plan is not a reasonable optimization goal in those cases as it might require an infinite…

Databases · Computer Science 2015-11-06 Immanuel Trummer , Christoph Koch

Iterative preference optimization methods have recently been shown to perform well for general instruction tuning tasks, but typically make little improvement on reasoning tasks (Yuan et al., 2024, Chen et al., 2024). In this work we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-27 Richard Yuanzhe Pang , Weizhe Yuan , Kyunghyun Cho , He He , Sainbayar Sukhbaatar , Jason Weston

This study examines the effect of prompt engineering on the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) in clinical note generation. We introduce an Automatic Prompt Optimization (APO) framework to refine initial prompts and compare the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Zonghai Yao , Ahmed Jaafar , Beining Wang , Zhichao Yang , Hong Yu

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) has gained significant attention for its simplicity and computational efficiency in aligning large language models (LLMs). Recent advancements have extended DPO to multimodal scenarios, achieving strong…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yeyuan Wang , Dehong Gao , Rujiao Long , Lei Yi , Linbo Jin , Libin Yang , Xiaoyan Cai

Current Large Language Model (LLM) evaluation frameworks utilize the same static prompt template across all models under evaluation. This differs from the common industry practice of using prompt optimization (PO) techniques to optimize the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Nicholas Sadjoli , Tim Siefken , Atin Ghosh , Yifan Mai , Daniel Dahlmeier

Automated prompt optimization (APO) aims to improve large language model performance by refining prompt instructions. However, existing methods are largely constrained by fixed prompt templates, limited search spaces, or single-sided…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Kewen Zhu , Liping Yi , Zhiming Zhao , Xiang Li , Qinghua Hu