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Argument structure extraction (ASE) aims to identify the discourse structure of arguments within documents. Previous research has demonstrated that contextual information is crucial for developing an effective ASE model. However, we observe…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Yun Luo , Zhen Yang , Fandong Meng , Yingjie Li , Jie Zhou , Yue Zhang

Scientific documents contain complex multimodal structures, which makes evidence localization and scientific reasoning in Document Visual Question Answering particularly challenging. However, most existing benchmarks evaluate models only at…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Wenhan Yu , Zhaoxi Zhang , Wang Chen , Guanqiang Qi , Weikang Li , Lei Sha , Deguo Xia , Jizhou Huang

The intuitive notion of evidence has both semantic and syntactic features. In this paper, we develop an {\em evidence logic} for epistemic agents faced with possibly contradictory evidence from different sources. The logic is based on a…

Logic · Mathematics 2013-07-05 Johan van Benthem , David Fernández-Duque , Eric Pacuit

Tables provide valuable knowledge that can be used to verify textual statements. While a number of works have considered table-based fact verification, direct alignments of tabular data with tokens in textual statements are rarely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Fei Wang , Kexuan Sun , Jay Pujara , Pedro Szekely , Muhao Chen

Large language models have shown strong reasoning capabilities through chain-structured methods such as Chain-of-Thought. Recent studies optimize thought structures by generating parallel or tree-like structures, switching between long and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Jinghan Zhang , Fengran Mo , Tharindu Cyril Weerasooriya , Xinyue Ye , Dongjie Wang , Yanjie Fu , Kunpeng Liu

We propose an adaptive environment (CABINET) to support caselaw analysis (identifying key argument elements) based on a novel cognitive computing framework that carefully matches various machine learning (ML) capabilities to the proficiency…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Hannes Westermann , Jaromir Savelka , Vern R. Walker , Kevin D. Ashley , Karim Benyekhlef

We apply to logic programming some recently emerging ideas from the field of reduction-based communicating systems, with the aim of giving evidence of the hidden interactions and the coordination mechanisms that rule the operational…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Roberto Bruni , Ugo Montanari , Francesca Rossi

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT have rendered visible the fragility of contemporary knowledge infrastructures by simulating coherence while bypassing traditional modes of citation, authority, and validation. This paper…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-20 Matthew Kelly

In the era of the information society, the impact of the information systems on the economy of material and immaterial is certainly perceptible. With regards to the information resources of an organization, the annotation involved to enrich…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2008-12-10 Sahbi Sidhom

In recent work, Stalnaker proposes a logical framework in which belief is realized as a weakened form of knowledge. Building on Stalnaker's core insights, and using frameworks developed by Bjorndahl and Baltag et al., we employ topological…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-08-01 Adam Bjorndahl , Aybüke Özgün

\ac{CoT} prompting improves LLM accuracy on complex tasks but often increases token usage and inference cost. Existing ``Budget Forcing'' methods reduce cost via fine-tuning with heuristic length penalties, suppressing both essential…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Fabio Valerio Massoli , Andrey Kuzmin , Arash Behboodi

In the context of the Semantic Web, several approaches to the combination of ontologies, given in terms of theories of classical first-order logic and rule bases, have been proposed. They either cast rules into classical logic or limit the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2010-06-14 Jos de Bruijn , Thomas Eiter , Axel Polleres , Hans Tompits

In recent work, Stalnaker proposes a logical framework in which belief is realized as a weakened form of knowledge. Building on Stalnaker's core insights, and using frameworks developed in previous work by Bjorndahl and Baltag et al., we…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-11-25 Adam Bjorndahl , Aybüke Özgün

The standard approach to logic in the literature in philosophy and mathematics, which has also been adopted in computer science, is to define a language (the syntax), an appropriate class of models together with an interpretation of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2009-09-25 Joseph Y. Halpern

We introduce an expressive probabilistic temporal epistemic logic PTEL suitable to reason about uncertain knowledge of a non-rigid set of agents that can be changed during time. We define semantics for PTEL as Kripke models with epistemic…

Logic · Mathematics 2021-05-27 Zoran Ognjanović , Angelina Ilić Stepić , Aleksandar Perović

As LLM reasoning performance plateau, improving inference-time compute efficiency is crucial to mitigate overthinking and long thinking traces even for simple queries. Prior approaches including length regularization, adaptive routing, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Neharika Jali , Anupam Nayak , Gauri Joshi

The paper investigates an evidence-based semantics for epistemic logics. It is shown that the properties of knowledge obtained from a potentially infinite body of evidence are described by modal logic S5. At the same time, the properties of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Pavel Naumov , Jia Tao

Large Language Models (LLMs) solve many reasoning tasks via chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting, but smaller models (about 7 to 8B parameters) still struggle with multi-step reasoning under tight compute and token budgets. Existing test time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Sagnik Chatterjee , Atharva Patil , Sricharan Ramesh

Providing Language Models (LMs) with relevant evidence in the context (either via retrieval or user-provided) can significantly improve their ability to provide better-grounded responses. However, recent studies have found that LMs often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zhining Liu , Rana Ali Amjad , Ravinarayana Adkathimar , Tianxin Wei , Hanghang Tong

Answer-set programming (ASP) is a successful problem-solving approach in logic-based AI. In ASP, problems are represented as declarative logic programs, and solutions are identified through their answer sets. Equilibrium logic (EL) is a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Ezgi Iraz Su