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Large language model (LLM) routing has emerged as a crucial strategy for balancing computational costs with performance by dynamically assigning queries to the most appropriate model based on query complexity. Despite recent advances…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Aly M. Kassem , Bernhard Schölkopf , Zhijing Jin

Edge computing operates between the cloud and end users and strives to provide low-latency computing services for simultaneous users. Redundant use of multiple edge nodes can reduce latency, as edge systems often operate in uncertain…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Pei Peng , Emina Soljanin

Large Language Models (LLMs) for complex reasoning is often hindered by high computational costs and latency, while resource-efficient Small Language Models (SLMs) typically lack the necessary reasoning capacity. Existing collaborative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Chengsong Huang , Tong Zheng , Langlin Huang , Jinyuan Li , Haolin Liu , Jiaxin Huang

With the rapid adoption of Large Language Models (LLMs), LLM-adapters have become increasingly common, providing lightweight specialization of large-scale models. Serving hundreds or thousands of these adapters on a single GPU allows…

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly accessed as remotely hosted services by edge and enterprise clients that cannot run frontier models locally. Since models vary widely in capability and price, routing queries to models that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Baris Askin , Shivam Patel , Anupam Nayak , Andrea Vigano , Jiin Woo , Gauri Joshi , Carlee Joe-Wong

The rapid growth of large language models (LLMs) with diverse capabilities, latency and computational costs presents a critical deployment challenge: selecting the most suitable model for each prompt to optimize the trade-off between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Shubham Agrawal , Prasang Gupta

For millimeter-wave (mm-wave) buffer-aided tandem networks consisting of relay nodes and multiple channels per hop, we consider two traffic allocation schemes, namely local allocation and global allocation, and investigate the end-to-end…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-05-01 Guang Yang , Martin Haenggi , Ming Xiao

AI deployment increasingly resembles a pipeline of data transformation, fine-tuning, and agent interactions rather than a monolithic LLM job; recent examples include RLHF/RLAIF training and agentic workflows. To cope with this shift, we…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Junyi Shen , Noppanat Wadlom , Lingfeng Zhou , Dequan Wang , Xu Miao , Lei Fang , Yao Lu

This work elaborates on a High performance computing (HPC) architecture based on Simple Linux Utility for Resource Management (SLURM) [1] for deploying heterogeneous Large Language Models (LLMs) into a scalable inference engine. Dynamic…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Anderson de Lima Luiz , Shubham Vijay Kurlekar , Munir Georges

Chain-of-thought has been proven essential for enhancing the complex reasoning abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs), but it also leads to high computational costs. Recent advances have explored the method to route queries among…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Chenyang Shao , Xinyang Liu , Yutang Lin , Fengli Xu , Yong Li

Modern distributed machine learning (ML) training workloads benefit significantly from leveraging GPUs. However, significant contention ensues when multiple such workloads are run atop a shared cluster of GPUs. A key question is how to…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2019-10-30 Kshiteej Mahajan , Arjun Balasubramanian , Arjun Singhvi , Shivaram Venkataraman , Aditya Akella , Amar Phanishayee , Shuchi Chawla

LLM routing has achieved promising results in integrating the strengths of diverse models while balancing efficiency and performance. However, to support more realistic and challenging applications, routing must extend into agentic LLM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Tao Feng , Haozhen Zhang , Zijie Lei , Peixuan Han , Jiaxuan You

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models can scale parameter capacity by routing each token to a subset of experts through a learned gate function. While conditional routing reduces training costs, it shifts the burden on inference memory: expert…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Rana Shahout , Colin Cai , Yilun Du , Minlan Yu , Michael Mitzenmacher

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to ranking tasks in retrieval and recommendation. Although reasoning prompting can enhance ranking utility, our preliminary exploration reveals that its benefits are inconsistent and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Huizhong Guo , Tianjun Wei , Dongxia Wang , Yingpeng Du , Ziyan Wang , Jie Zhang , Zhu Sun

Large Language Model (LLM) adapters enable low-cost model specialization, but introduce complex caching and scheduling challenges in distributed serving systems where hundreds of adapters must be hosted concurrently. While prior work has…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Ferran Agullo , Joan Oliveras , Chen Wang , Alberto Gutierrez-Torre , Olivier Tardieu , Alaa Youssef , Jordi Torres , Josep Ll. Berral

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures have emerged as a key strategy for scaling large language models (LLMs) efficiently. However, current MoE systems suffer from severe load imbalance, where only a small subset of experts is consistently…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Jiajie Yang

This paper studies an important rate allocation problem that arises in many networked and distributed systems: steady-state traffic rate allocation from multiple sources to multiple service nodes when both (i) the access-path delay on each…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Tamoghna Sarkar , Bhaskar Krishnamachari

This study investigates the use of NeuralUCB for cost-aware large language model (LLM) routing. Existing routing approaches can be broadly grouped into supervised routing methods and partial-feedback methods, each with different tradeoffs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Ming-Hua Tsai , Phat Tran

With the growing demand for latency-critical and computation-intensive Internet of Things (IoT) services, the IoT-oriented network architecture, mobile edge computing (MEC), has emerged as a promising technique to reinforce the computation…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-08-09 Jiechen Chen , Hong Xing , Xiaohui Lin , Arumugam Nallanathan , Suzhi Bi

Large Language Model (LLM) serving must meet stringent Service Level Objectives (SLOs) for both the prefill and decode phases. Some existing solutions disaggregate the two phases, causing potential resource idleness or compute redundancy.…

Operating Systems · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Yukang Chen , Weihao Cui , Han Zhao , Ziyi Xu , Xiaoze Fan , Xusheng Chen , Yangjie Zhou , Shixuan Sun , Bingsheng He , Quan Chen