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This chapter explores advancements in decoding strategies for large language models (LLMs), focusing on enhancing the Locally Typical Sampling (LTS) algorithm. Traditional decoding methods, such as top-k and nucleus sampling, often struggle…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Jaydip Sen , Saptarshi Sengupta , Subhasis Dasgupta

The widespread use of Large Language Models (LLMs) in text generation has raised increasing concerns about intellectual property disputes. Watermarking techniques, which embed meta information into AI-generated content (AIGC), have the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Shangkun Che , Silin Du , Ge Gao

Watermarking techniques offer a promising way to identify machine-generated content via embedding covert information into the contents generated from language models. A challenge in the domain lies in preserving the distribution of original…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Yihan Wu , Zhengmian Hu , Junfeng Guo , Hongyang Zhang , Heng Huang

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) enhances Large Language Models (LLMs) by mitigating hallucinations and outdated information issues, yet simultaneously facilitates unauthorized data appropriation at scale. This paper addresses this…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Peiyang Liu , Ziqiang Cui , Di Liang , Wei Ye

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized how we interact with technology, but their personalization to individual user preferences remains a significant challenge, particularly in on-device applications. Traditional methods often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Rafael Mendoza , Isabella Cruz , Richard Liu , Aarav Deshmukh , David Williams , Jesscia Peng , Rohan Iyer

As Generative AI continues to become more accessible, the case for robust detection of generated images in order to combat misinformation is stronger than ever. Invisible watermarking methods act as identifiers of generated content,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Dongjun Hwang , Sungwon Woo , Tom Gao , Raymond Luo , Sunghwan Baek

Generative models have rapidly evolved to generate realistic outputs. However, their synthetic outputs increasingly challenge the clear distinction between natural and AI-generated content, necessitating robust watermarking techniques.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Kasra Arabi , R. Teal Witter , Chinmay Hegde , Niv Cohen

As Large Language Models (LLMs) become increasingly sophisticated, they raise significant security concerns, including the creation of fake news and academic misuse. Most detectors for identifying model-generated text are limited by their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Zhenyu Xu , Victor S. Sheng

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) necessitates efficient mechanisms to distinguish machine-generated content from human text. While statistical watermarking has emerged as a promising solution, existing methods suffer from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Baihe Huang , Eric Xu , Kannan Ramchandran , Jiantao Jiao , Michael I. Jordan

Despite progress in watermarking algorithms for large language models (LLMs), real-world deployment remains limited. We argue that this gap stems from misaligned incentives among LLM providers, platforms, and end users, which manifest as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Yepeng Liu , Xuandong Zhao , Dawn Song , Gregory W. Wornell , Yuheng Bu

We introduce the first watermark tailored for diffusion language models (DLMs), an emergent LLM paradigm able to generate tokens in arbitrary order, in contrast to standard autoregressive language models (ARLMs) which generate tokens…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Thibaud Gloaguen , Robin Staab , Nikola Jovanović , Martin Vechev

Large language models (LLMs) are pre-trained and post-trained on vast amounts of loosely curated data, raising the possibility that these models may have been trained on proprietary datasets or the same benchmarks used for evaluation. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Pengrun Huang , Kamalika Chaudhuri , Yu-Xiang Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities, but their training requires extensive data and computational resources, rendering them valuable digital assets. Therefore, it is essential to watermark LLMs to protect…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Shuai Li , Kejiang Chen , Jun Jiang , Jie Zhang , Qiyi Yao , Kai Zeng , Weiming Zhang , Nenghai Yu

The effectiveness of watermark algorithms in AI-generated text identification has garnered significant attention. Concurrently, an increasing number of watermark algorithms have been proposed to enhance the robustness against various…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Xianheng Feng , Jian Liu , Kui Ren , Chun Chen

Large Language Model (LLM) watermarking is crucial for establishing the provenance of machine-generated text, but most existing methods rely on a centralized trust model. This model forces users to reveal potentially sensitive text to a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Xiaokun Luan , Yihao Zhang , Pengcheng Su , Feiran Lei , Meng Sun

Large Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have achieved remarkable success in understanding complex real-world scenarios and supporting data-driven decision-making processes. However, VLMs exhibit significant vulnerability against adversarial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Xiaosen Wang , Shaokang Wang , Zhijin Ge , Yuyang Luo , Shudong Zhang

The rapid advancement of customized Large Language Models (LLMs) offers considerable convenience. However, it also intensifies concerns regarding the protection of copyright/confidential information. With the extensive adoption of private…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Yuehan Zhang , Peizhuo Lv , Yinpeng Liu , Yongqiang Ma , Wei Lu , Xiaofeng Wang , Xiaozhong Liu , Jiawei Liu

Digital watermarking is a promising solution for mitigating some of the risks arising from the misuse of automatically generated text. These approaches either embed non-specific watermarks to allow for the detection of any text generated by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Zihao Fu , Chris Russell

LLM watermarks allow tracing AI-generated texts by inserting a detectable signal into their generated content. Recent works have proposed a wide range of watermarking algorithms, each with distinct designs, usually built using a bottom-up…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Thibaud Gloaguen , Robin Staab , Nikola Jovanović , Martin Vechev

As large language models (LLMs) generate texts with increasing fluency and realism, there is a growing need to identify the source of texts to prevent the abuse of LLMs. Text watermarking techniques have proven reliable in distinguishing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Lean Wang , Wenkai Yang , Deli Chen , Hao Zhou , Yankai Lin , Fandong Meng , Jie Zhou , Xu Sun