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This paper proposes a system that uses large language models to provide immediate feedback to students in flipped classroom preparation learning. This study aimed to solve challenges in the flipped classroom model, such as ensuring that…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-07-24 Shintaro Uchiyama , Kyoji Umemura , Yusuke Morita

Intelligent tutoring agents powered by large language models (LLMs) have been increasingly explored to deliver personalized knowledge in areas such as language learning and science education. However, their capabilities in guiding users to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Jian Wang , Yinpei Dai , Yichi Zhang , Ziqiao Ma , Wenjie Li , Joyce Chai

Behavioral analysis of tutoring dialogues is essential for understanding student learning, yet manual coding remains a bottleneck. We present a methodology where LLM coding agents autonomously improve the prompts used by LLM classifiers to…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Eason Chen , Isabel Wang , Nina Yuan , Sophia Judicke , Kayla Beigh , Xinyi Tang

Instructors have limited time and resources to help struggling students, and these resources should be directed to the students who most need them. To address this, researchers have constructed models that can predict students' final course…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-12 Ge Gao , Samiha Marwan , Thomas W. Price

The landscape of education is changing rapidly, shaped by emerging pedagogical approaches, technological innovations such as artificial intelligence (AI), and evolving societal expectations, all of which demand thorough evaluation of new…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Fiammetta Caccavale , Carina L. Gargalo , Julian Kager , Magdalena Skowyra , Steen Larsen , Krist V. Gernaey , Ulrich Krühne

A crucial part of an accurate and reliable spoken language assessment system is the underlying ASR model. Recently, large-scale pre-trained ASR foundation models such as Whisper have been made available. As the output of these models is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Rao Ma , Mengjie Qian , Mark J. F. Gales , Kate M. Knill

Intelligent tutoring systems have long enabled automated immediate feedback on student work when it is presented in a tightly structured format and when problems are very constrained, but reliably assessing free-form mathematical reasoning…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Aron Gohr , Marie-Amelie Lawn , Kevin Gao , Inigo Serjeant , Stephen Heslip

Providing feedback on programming assignments manually is a tedious, error prone, and time-consuming task. In this paper, we motivate and address the problem of generating feedback on performance aspects in introductory programming…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2014-09-18 Sumit Gulwani , Ivan Radiček , Florian Zuleger

Large language models make it easy for students to delegate writing, analysis, and problem-solving to automated systems, bypassing the effortful engagement that produces lasting understanding. We introduce a practical framework that helps…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Philipp Haindl , Oliver Eigner , Peter Kieseberg

Large Language Models (LLMs) are gaining increasing attention due to their exceptional performance across numerous tasks. As a result, the general public utilize them as an influential tool for boosting their productivity while natural…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Zhigang Kan , Linbo Qiao , Hao Yu , Liwen Peng , Yifu Gao , Dongsheng Li

Spoken conversational systems require more than accurate speech generation to have human-like conversations: to feel natural and engaging, they must produce conversational behaviour that adapts dynamically to the context. Current spoken…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Maike Züfle , Ondrej Klejch , Nicholas Sanders , Jan Niehues , Alexandra Birch , Tsz Kin Lam

The rapid emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) presents both opportunities and challenges for programming education. While students increasingly use generative AI tools, direct access often hinders the learning process by providing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Thomas Van Mullem , Bart Mesuere , Peter Dawyndt

Large language models (LLMs) deployed as agents solve user-specified tasks over multiple steps while keeping the required manual engagement to a minimum. Crucially, such LLMs need to ground their generations in any feedback obtained to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Jonas Gehring , Kunhao Zheng , Jade Copet , Vegard Mella , Quentin Carbonneaux , Taco Cohen , Gabriel Synnaeve

The traditional process of building interactive machine learning systems can be viewed as a teacher-learner interaction scenario where the machine-learners are trained by one or more human-teachers. In this work, we explore the idea of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Nalin Chhibber , Edith Law

Reinforcement learning (RL) offers a principled way to enhance the reasoning capabilities of large language models, yet its effectiveness hinges on training signals that remain informative as models evolve. In practice, RL progress often…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Caijun Xu , Changyi Xiao , Zhongyuan Peng , Xinrun Wang , Yixin Cao

Complex structures are typical in machine learning. Tailoring learning algorithms for every structure requires an effort that may be saved by defining a generic learning procedure adaptive to any complex structure. In this paper, we propose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-05-28 Pablo Strasser , Stephane Armand , Stephane Marchand-Maillet , Alexandros Kalousis

Quick interaction between a human teacher and a learning machine presents numerous benefits and challenges when working with web-scale data. The human teacher guides the machine towards accomplishing the task of interest. The learning…

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are increasingly used as research models, but questions remain about their generalizability and representational invariance. Biological neural networks under social constraints evolved to enable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-05 Tobias J. Wieczorek , Tatjana Tchumatchenko , Carlos Wert Carvajal , Maximilian F. Eggl

Large pre-trained language models have recently been expanded and applied to programming language tasks with great success, often through further pre-training of a strictly-natural language model--where training sequences typically contain…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-13 Fenia Christopoulou , Guchun Zhang , Gerasimos Lampouras

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly serve as educational tools, yet evaluating their teaching capabilities remains challenging due to the resource-intensive, context-dependent, and methodologically complex nature of teacher-student…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-01 Yao Shi , Rongkeng Liang , Yong Xu